【作者】 王梅；

【导师】 潘存德；

【作者基本信息】 新疆农业大学 ， 森林经理学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 荒漠生态系统是建立新疆平原人工绿洲生态系统的物质基础和生态基础。克拉玛依农业综合开发区外围的荒漠植被是荒漠与绿洲的过渡带,对阻止荒漠化向绿洲的侵入起着吸纳和缓冲的作用,为开发区防护生态安全保障体系的有机组成。本研究以恢复生态学理论为指导,在总结前人对干旱区退化植被恢复研究成果的基础上,通过一系列退化荒漠植被保育与恢复关键技术的试验,针对克拉玛依农业综合开发区外围荒漠立地条件和退化植物群落的具体情况,集成配套了5个科学适用的荒漠植被保育与恢复技术模式,旨在为该地区荒漠植被的保育与恢复提供技术支撑。试验所得结论如下: (1)在荒漠植被受到严重干旱胁迫,体内水分不足,生长受到抑制,群落活力下降,但植被仍保存相对完好时,可采用补水方式对荒漠植被进行保育。通过定额灌溉和季节灌溉试验表明,受干旱胁迫群落活力下降的荒漠植被,每年每亩补水50m3(相当于夏季增加降雨量75mm)或在秋末冬初进行灌溉,即可达到减轻干旱胁迫,实现建群种自我更新,提高群落活力,增加物种丰富度的目的。(2)对于因受到人为干扰和严重干旱等因素的影响,天然更新困难,结构和功能已严重衰退的荒漠植物群落,可采用群落改造技术进行植被恢复。通过群落改造技术试验表明,在有农业或工作弃水供给的条件下,充分利用土壤种子库、种子流或人工撒播补充种源,模拟柽柳种群自然发生,即可达到保育和恢复荒漠植被,改善荒漠生态环境的目的。(3)对于人为干扰或干旱胁迫造成群落活力下降的紧靠农业区的大面积荒漠植被,在不破坏原生天然植被的前提下,可通过向天然植被中适量引入人工植被和对人工植被的有控制供水来达到保育荒漠植被的目的。试验表明,采用植被融合方法,在保证人工植被成活的前提下,不仅提高了融合区荒漠植被的生长量、土壤含水率和植被盖度,而且还产生了一定的空间生态效应,实现对响应区荒漠植被的保育。(4)在荒漠植被难以自然发生的次生裸地,当不易获得水源时,可采用无灌溉人工植苗造林和直播造林方法进行植被恢复重建。通过试验表明,在无灌溉条件下,该立地条件适宜恢复的物种为梭梭,技术组合为树坑规格60cm×60cm×60cm,覆沙厚度15cm。若物种选择柽柳,成活率不高,但可采用容器储水植苗的方法提高成活率。同时试验还表明,通过植苗改变裸地的微地形,可为其它植物种的发生和定居创造条件,增加恢复地的物种丰富度。在上述试验结果的基础上,本研究还进一步集成配套了干旱胁迫荒漠植被保育技术模式、严重退化荒漠植被群落改造技术模式、荒漠植被与人工植被融合技术模式、荒漠植被无灌溉(少灌溉)恢复技术模式和荒漠次生裸地植被恢复重建技术模式。更多还原

【Abstract】 Desert ecosystem is the material and ecological base of artificial oasis in Xinjiang. Desert vegetation acting as the ecotone between desert and oasis plays an absorbable and alleviatory role in threatening of desertification in the outer space of Karamay Agricultural Comprehensive Developmental Region. It is also the composition of the protective system of shelter-ecological security in the region. On the basis of former achievements on restoration of the degraded vegetation in arid land, this thesis develops five scientific and operational technology models for nursing and restoration of the desert vegetation based on the theory of restoration ecology. The thesis adopts the key technological experiment of nursing and restoration, aiming at special condition of desert site and degraded vegetation community, and provides accordingly technological support. Results as following: (1) Moisturizing can nurse desert vegetation when plant is short of water, growth is restrained, community vigor decrease because of drought stress, on the premise of conserving integral desert vegetation. Experiments of quota irrigation and season irrigation indicate that moisturizing 750m3/hm2 annually or irrigation in the end of autumn and the beginning of winter alleviate drought stress, achieve regeneration of dominate, improve community vigor and increase species abundance. (2) Rebuilding technology is used in restoring desert vegetation community when population regeneration gets worse and community structure and function degrades because of mankind disturbance and serious drought. Experiments reveal that using soil seed bank, seed flow, artificial seeding and simulating Tamarix spp. developing naturally can nurse and restore desert vegetation and improve desert ecological environment on the premise of supplying abandoned water of industry or agriculture. (3) Introducing moderately artificial plant into nature vegetation and controlling reasonably supplying water in large area of desert region can nurse desert vegetation whose community vigor decreases due to drought stress, on condition that intrinsic nature vegetation is integrated. Experiments reveal that vegetation merging technology not only increases increment of the desert vegetation, soil moisture and vegetation cover in merging area, but also brings certain spatial ecology effect and nurses desert vegetation in respondent area on the premise of promising survival of artificial plant. (4) Planting and seeding can restore and reconstruct vegetation in without irrigation region on condition that water is short in secondary bare land. Experiments show that Haloxylon spp. is suitable species in without irrigation region. The dimension of pit is 60cm×60cm×60cm and the depth of sand is 15cm as planting Haloxylon spp. If planting species is Tamarix spp. adopting planting method in the water storage container increases survival. At the same time, the improvement of micro-terrain by planting can provide emerged and resident condition of other plants and increase species abundance. Based on experiments above,the study integrate further the technology model for nursing of desert vegetation under the drought stress,the technology model for community rebuilding of degraded seriously desert vegetation,the technology model for combining desert vegetation with artificial plant,the technology model for restoration in without irrigation region and the technology model for restoration and reconstruction in secondary bare land .更多还原