【作者】 龙俐；

【导师】 熊康宁； 梅再美；

【作者基本信息】 贵州师范大学 ， 环境科学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 喀斯特脆弱的生态环境形成了特殊的“人地系统”。随着人口的迅速增加,人类不合理的行为产生了一些负面影响,造成人地关系紧张,生态环境趋于恶劣化,并影响到喀斯特地区社会经济的发展,使之陷入“越穷越破坏,越破坏越穷”的恶性循环。近年来,由于建筑业的兴起,对建筑原材料的需求量大大增加,石材开采业随之迅猛发展起来。因为没有合理的规划,在脆弱的喀斯特环境中开采石材造成了大量地表塌陷、废弃岩土压占土地、人为水土流失加剧、区域性水破坏等环境问题,增大了治理石漠化的难度,同时其破坏程度已经影响到了区域的社会、经济和环境等方面。在现有的条件下,大多数石材开采都是“掠夺式”开发,导致了开采地周围的环境遭受极大的破坏,难以恢复到破坏以前的状态。所以我们只有通过生态复垦,尽量使生态环境得到改善,进而通过对破坏者采取相应的整治措施,坚持“谁破坏,谁复垦”的原则,使破坏的土地恢复到可利用状态。以生态经济学理论、恢复生态学理论、景观生态学理论、可持续发展理论和人地关系地域系统理论等为基础,人工造林为主要技术指导,运用室内工作与野外工作相结合,采用典型样地调查法,对花江示范区内不同生态复垦模式的样地进行调查,记载其地形部位、海拔、坡度、坡向和母岩等地貌小环境,初步了解整个示范区石材开采迹地的分布状况;然后针对示范区的实际情况,立足于三种模式(自然状态复垦模式、简易立体化复垦模式、工程化复垦模式),尝试小范围内的作物种植,作为复垦模式的试验区;以 20×10 ㎡面积作为对比标准,对各复垦模式试验区内的所有物种II进行每木测定,同时在试验区内进行固定样地的季度性调查,以此推断出生态结构和生态功能的情况;并在此过程中,实地测绘石材开采初始状态剖面图和三种复垦模式剖面图。在花江示范区,农业生产水平低,社会条件较差,人类开发活动结构单一,商品生产观念淡薄,客观上决定了地区经济发展起点低、难度大。本次实验首次将石材开采迹地定义为:当地农户采用一定的技术力量,凿取大理石用于建材加工和道路建设原料而遗留下来的荒废地。复垦模式的设计旨在改善生态环境的同时,改变贫困落后山区“掠夺式”粗放经营所造成的人地矛盾紧张的局面,从而摆脱“越穷越垦、越垦越穷”的困境。通过监测说明:无论是采取自然方式的模式,还是采取人工造林方式的模式,相对于原始状态的石材开采迹地,其植被覆盖率都有明显的提高。结合花江示范区实际情况,对三种模式进行生态、经济和社会效益方面的对比而发现:自然状态复垦模式在生态效益上效果明显,投入成本小,但是经济效益差,达不到预期目的;工程化复垦模式生态效益差,投入成本比较昂贵,加之农户参与积极性不高,所以其生态-经济-社会效益统一性极差;简易立体化复垦模式的配置结构比较合理,生态效益相对较好,人力、物力的投入较为合理,较好体现了生态-经济-社会三效益的统一,比较适合花江地区实际情况,也是农户比较乐意接受的方式。本次试验也有不足之处,模式中选用的葡萄苗木,由于花江地区频繁的冰雹袭击,加之病虫害和管理不完善等方面的原因,其种植结果不理想,几乎使种植失败。通过具体监测,我们发现了很多需要改进的问题:在方法上需要减少人为造成的误差和拟定一个测量标准;针对示范区采石业的合理布局和生更多还原

【Abstract】 The fragile ecological environment in karst areas forms a uniquehuman-land system. With the population rapidly increasing, the unreasonablebehaviors of people have produced some negative impacts, causing the tensesituation of human-land relationship that leads ecological environment todeteriorating and affects social and economic development in karst areas, andgetting into a vicious circle between poorness and destroying. In the recent years, with building industry booming, the need ofarchitectural materials is being increased greatly and stone-mining industry issubsequently booming. But, mining stones in the fragile ecological environment,because of no reasonable programming, has brought in some environmentalproblems, such as ground depression, land retirement by abandoned rocks, tensesoil and water erosion by man and local water body pollution, which cause landsto be rock desertification by man, increasing some difficulty in controlling therock desertification, and affect local society, economy and environment. Atpresent, mining stone belongs to a ravening exploitative behavior, which doesgreat damage to the environment around the quarries and gets it difficult to be asit was. So we must carry out ecologic re-cultivation to stop ecologicalenvironment deteriorating, and then, on the principle that the one that destroyedit should re-cultivate it, adopt corresponding measures aiming at the destroyersto get the destroyed lands to be available. On the basis of such theories as ecological economics, restoration ecology,landscape ecology, sustainable development and regional system in human-landrelationship, the paper, adopting artificial forestation as a main techniqueguidance and typical sample plot research based on indoor and field work as amain studying method, surveys the sample plots in different ecologicalre-cultivation models in Huajiang studying area with their terrain, elevation,slope angle, slope direction and rock bed, in order to clarify the distribution ofquarries in the studying area, then combined with the actuality, tries to growcrop plants in a small scope as the trial areas based on three modes( naturalecological re-cultivation model, simple stereo ecological re-cultivation modeland engineering ecological re-cultivation model ). With 20×10 m2 as standardplot area, the paper carries on an all-wood measurement of all species in thestudying area, and surveys the sample plots quarterly, in order to predict theirecological structure and function. In this process, this paper has drawn out themap of mining stone materials in the beginning and the section charts of threeecological re-cultivation models on the spot. In Huajiang, low agricultural production, bad social conditions, simpleeconomic activities and small commercialization determine objectively a lowand difficult beginning of local economic development. The paper defines theconcept of limestone quarry for the first time, that is, the abandoned lands by thelocal peasants with certain techniques excavating the marbles for buildingmaterials and road construction. The targets of establishing ecologicalre-cultivation models are to improve local ecological environment and to changethe situation of tense human-land relationship caused by the raveningmanagement out of the predicament of “more poverty more cultivation and morecultivation more poverty” in the mountainous areas. Through the investigations,the paper finds that vegetation cover rate is higher in each model than in theoriginal quarry. Combined with the actuality in Huajiang demonstration area andbased on the comparison of three models in ecological, economical and socialeffects, the paper finds that in natural ecological re-cultivation model itsecological effect is obvious and the cost is small, but economic effect is bad, notreaching the expected purpose, and that in engineering ecological re-cultivationmodel its ecological effect is bad, the cost is high, and the peasants participate init inactively, so its effects of ecology, economy and society are very bad, andthat in simple stereo ecol更多还原