【作者】 王燕；

【导师】 王景泽；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 中国古代史， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 松花江流域位于东北北部。清朝末年是松花江流域开发的重要时期。以汉族移民为主体的各民族在历代开发的基础上,经过辛勤劳作的开发活动,使得这一地区的农业、工商业以及城镇建设等方面有了突飞猛进的发展。 清朝末年东北边疆危机日甚一日,清政府在内忧外患中决定对东北实行“移民实边”、“放荒筹饷”的开禁政策。在清末民初这一特定的历史时期,松花江流域地区吸纳了大量的关内移民,这些移民成为这一地区农业开发充实的劳动力,同时也使该地的土地得到大规模的开发。但由于移民耕作能力有限,以及清政府缺少对这一地区开发的规制,长期掠夺式的开发经营,加上自然灾害的侵袭,造成松花江流域生态环境的初步破坏,水土流失,地力逐步下降,气候也趋暖趋干。 清朝末年,松花江流域的自然灾害呈现逐渐频繁的趋势,这其中的因素有很多,既有自然地理方面,又有很多人为因素。大量关内移民涌入松花江流域,在此进行的不合理的农业开发,森林采伐等行为破坏了天然植被,导致了这一地区自然灾害的频发。同时,频繁的自然灾害对当地人们的生产、生活造成了很大的影响,并阻滞社会经济发展。清末松花江流域农业开发与生态环境和自然灾害三者之间是相互关联相互影响的。不合理的农业开发导致生态环境逐步恶化,以及自然灾害的频发。清末是松花江流域生态环境恶化的初始期。 本文共分为三个部分: 第一部分,介绍了清末松花江流域农业开发的原因以及该地区的人口增长和开发状况。 第二部分,阐述了松花江流域农业开发与生态环境的关系。粗放式的土地经营方式使地力下降、植被破坏,导致该地区生态环境开始发生退化。 第三部分,分析了农业开发与自然灾害的关系与影响。不合理的农业开发导致了自然灾害的频发。介绍了松花江流域的自然灾害状况、影响和特点,从中可以看出松花江流域自然灾害在清末呈逐年频发的趋势,与人类活动有密切关系。更多还原

【Abstract】 The SongHua River locates in the north of the North-East region. Late Qing is the mostimportant period in the process of exploiting the SongHua River drainage area. Peoples whosemajority was the Han nationality procured the great harvest on agricultural ,industry andcommerce and building towns by woking hard on the base of exploiting this region. In Late Qing ,the conjuncture of the northeast border area was worse thanbefore .Considering the domestic and diplomatic difficulties, the government of the QingDynasty constituted some policies such as “migrating people to the northeast border area forenriching this region” and “assarting badlands for raising money” to unchain the ban of entry.In the period between the end of Qing Dynasty and the initial time of Republic, a mass ofmigrations got the SongHua River drainage area and these people became the source of labourforce. At the same time , the dimension of assart was greater than before . But migration hadnot the enough ability to consider the entironment at the time of assart and the centralgovernment did not constitute the policies to program the exploiting process. An extendedpredatory assart and disaster destroyed the entironment of the SongHua River drainage areainitially. Mang terrible conditions such as soil was eroded , the soil fertility fell stepwise andthe climate was drier and warmer than before. At the end of Qing Dynasty , there was a tide that disaster became frequent in theSongHua River drainage area. The reasons of this tide were various and they could beconcluded to two factors :one was natural and the other was man-made .A mass of migrationswho had residented inboard of ShanHai Pass originally swarmed into the SongHua Riverdrainage area. Migrations’ behaviors such as assarted earth and felled forest were immoderateand disasters were frequent as a result. At the same time, frequent disasters influented thepeople’s life greatly and they blocked the development of local social economy. Therelationships among agriculture development , the entironment and disastes were close andthey influented each other . The phenomena that entironment was deteriorated stepwise anddisasters became frequently were results of immoderate assart .The initial stage thatentironment was deteriorated was at the end of Qing Dynasty . This thesis is divided into three parts: First, the thesis analyzes the causes of agriculture development in the SongHua Riverdrainage area and dose research on increase and development of population in this region. Secondly, the thesis analyzes the relationship between agriculture development and theentironment. The means that grangers used were so rough that the ability of soil fell andvegetation of this region was destroied badly. The entironment began to degenerate in thisperiod . Finally,the thesis analyzes the relationship between agriculture development anddisasters. Immoderate assart brought on a terrible condition that disaste became frequently. Byanalyzing disasters’ statuses ,influences and characteristics, author thinks the tide that disastesbecame frequently year after year tied up with people’s activity .更多还原