【作者】 王芙蓉；

【导师】 陈金凤；

【作者基本信息】 江西师范大学 ， 专门史， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 两晋时期,自然灾害频发,几乎无年不灾,无处不灾,甚至一年数灾,水旱相仍,旱蝗相连,饥疫踵继。具有普遍性、群发性和极大的危害性。其中危害较大的仍是水、旱、蝗灾,其次是瘟疫,风灾、霜雹、地震。 频发的灾害严重破坏社会生产,使百姓更加贫困,引发人口流亡,并导致国家财政困难,社会秩序混乱。由于当时生产力水平及科学技术水平低下等原因,人们苦于灾害的侵袭,又无法正确认识灾害,常把各种灾害的发生同现实生活中的事件相附会,以致天人感应的灾异说盛行,佛教、道教和民间信仰也相机得到了较大的发展。 统治者为答“天谴”,维护统治,被迫或自觉地采取措施改良政治,并实施荒政,两晋时期荒政主要是灾前注意发展生产、兴修水利、加强仓储建设,以防灾备荒;灾害发生,临灾抗救措施有:巫术禳灾、赈济、调粟、除害;灾后主要是蠲免租赋徭役、廪贷、节约,以安辑灾民。灾民也积极抗灾自救度荒,宗族、家族组织在其中也起了一定的作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 During the Jin Dynasties, natural disasters took place frequently: They occurred almost every year and every place; Even to that several disasters took place in one year, with flood, drought, plague of locusts and famine happening one after another. Among them, flood, drought and plague of locusts were the most harmful. The next were pestilence, windstorm, frost hail, hailstorm and earthquake.These disasters destroyed the production seriously, forced the common people to wander about homeless, resulted in the country’s financial difficulties and the sequence of society in confusion. The people suffered from the disasters but couldn’t understand them correctly because the productive forces and science and technology were low at that time. So they drew wrong conclusion by false analogy. In that period the heaven-human response was in fashion. Buddhism, Taoism folk beliefs took the chance of developing themselves.The rulers were compelled or on their own initiative to improve their domination and carried out the calamity-centered measures in order to answer the heaven-human response. The major measures included the following three points: Before the disaster, the government developed the economy, built irrigation works and stored up grain against famine; Facing disaster, the government averted disaster by prayers, allocated grain and eliminated the locusts; After the disaster, the government relieved land tax and other levies, loaned goods to people and practiced thrift to comfort the victims of a natural calamity. The people in stricken areas helped each other and saved themselves. Clans played a positive role too.更多还原