【作者】 安金辉；

【导师】 桂起权；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 外国哲学， 2002， 硕士

【摘要】 本文旨在探讨伽利略的方法论思想，其中主要的关注点在于伽利略对待感觉经验、数学、实验以及权威的方法论态度。所讨论的内容主要依据伽利略的《关于两大世界体系的对话》。 作者认为，伽利略在如何对待感觉经验这一问题上，与亚里士多德派的方法论分歧并不象人们通常认为的那样大。二者都接受有利于自己的感觉经验作为自己理论的支持性证据；当感觉经验与自己的理论发生冲突的时候，伽利略会利用理性来对之加以批判。亚里士多德派则会求助于亚里士多德的理性及权威来拒斥这些经验。伽利略在这个问题上的高明之处主要在于他对经验的批判态度更为自觉，同时他不会盲从权威。 在如何看待数学(主要是指几何学)在物理学研究中的地位问题上，伽利略的态度既不同于亚里士多德，也不同于柏拉图。他认为数学抽象可以同物理现实吻合得很好，因此可以把数学作为物理学研究的有力工具来加以运用。柏拉图认为现实世界是不完美的，唯有纯数学的理念世界才值得单独加以研究。亚里士多德则认为数学计算与物理现实是不相容的，因为数学既不考虑物质及其性质，也不能提供关于原因的解释；所以在物理学研究中是不能求助于数学的。伽利略关于数学的方法论态度为新科学的发展开辟了一条崭新的道路，使得数理科学的发展成为可能。 伽利略旗帜鲜明地反对盲从权威的做法，他对亚里士多德派以教条的方式对待亚里士多德的学说这一做法提出了尖锐批评。伽利略的这些看法直到今天仍具有深刻的方法论意义，值得我们在研究马克思主义时认真加以领会和反思。 伽利略对待实验的态度近似于其对待感觉经验的态度，他既强调实验对于理论的确证和否证作用，又似乎认为理性可以走在感觉经验的前面；而且他似乎并不认为应当把实验作为检验自己结论可靠性的必要程序。他的方法论态度是矛盾的，从其科学实践来看这种矛盾也是存在的。他在实验方面最为突出的成就实际上并不在于他对实验的极力倡导——亚里士多德派也很重视实验的作用;伽利略的成就在于他能够把巧妙的实验设计与数学分析方法结合在一起，这是他科学方法论和科学成就的引人注目之处。此外伽利略在理想实验方面取得的成就是非常突出的。 如何评价伽利略的方法论思想?学者们争论不休。他拥有下述诸称号:反归纳主义者、经验主义者、理性主义者、柏拉图主义者，令人眼花缭乱。之所以如此，与他的方法论的多面性有关。每一种说法都不是没有道理的;但恐怕都是瞎子摸象—没能把握住伽利略的方法论的全貌。要准确地评价他，必须运用一种全面的、综合的方法。作者认为伽利略继承了阿基米德的技术工程学与科学相结合的传统，但又没有完全限于这一传统;他在此基础之上，进行了自己的富有特色的开创性工作。‘关键词:方法论经验数学实验权威更多还原

【Abstract】 The dissertation is mainly about Galileo’s methodological thoughts. The author pays most of her attention to Galileo’s methodological attitude towards sense-experience, mathematics, authority and experiment. The discussion is mostly based on Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems.The author thinks that Galileo’s methodological attitude towards experience is not so different from that of the Aristotelian’s as one usually thinks. They would both accept evidence from experience as conformation of their theories when the experience is for them. When the sense-experience is against their theories, Galileo would criticize it with his reason. The Aristotelians would turn to Aristotle’s reason and authority for help to refuse the experience. On the problem, Galileo is better than the Aristotelians in that he is more conscious when criticizing experience, and he wouldn’t follow the authority blindly.On what should be the status of mathematics in the study of physics, Galileo’s idea is neither that of Aristotle’s, nor that of Plato’s. He thinks that mathematical abstraction can be in perfect accordance with physical reality. So mathematics can be used as a powerful tool in physical study. Plato thinks that the world of reality is imperfect, and only the ideal world of pure mathematics is worth studying separately. Aristotle thinks that mathematical calculation can’t be consistent with physical reality, mathematics concerns neither material, nor the nature of material, and it can’t come up with explanation of causes and results. So we can’t resort to mathematics in physical study. Galileo’s methodological attitude on mathematics has made a completely new way for the coming new sciences. That made the development of mathematical sciences possible.Galileo strongly opposes the way of following the authority blindly, and criticizes the Aristotelians seriously. Up till now, his ideas are still very profound and are worth carefully understanding and thinking for the Marxists.Galileo’s way of treating experiment is similar to that of experience. On the one hand, he stresses the function of experiment in conforming and refuting the theories. On the other hand, he seems to think that reason can go ahead of experiment. And what’s more, he doesn’t seem to take experiment as a necessary procedure of conforming his ideas. His success doesn’t lie in his emphasis on experiment, but in his combination of experiment and mathematics. And Galileo make great achievement in thought experiment.What should we say about Galileo’s methodological thoughts? There’s a wide spectrum of opinions on the question. He was named variously as follow: a counterinductivist, an Aristotelian, a Platonist, an empiricist, and a rationalist. The situation came from the various aspects of his methodological thoughts,In order to appreciate him rightly, we have to study in a synthetic way. The author thinks that Galileo carried on the tradition of Archimedes. But that does not mean that Galileo was strictly confined to it. In fact, he did lots of original work in a special way.更多还原