【作者】 高艳华；

【导师】 马新福；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 法理学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 随着社会的发展，人们的个人权利意识逐渐增强。与此同时，国家、社会、市场以及传媒等公共领域力量的出现及其结合，对私人领域带来了巨大的侵害。因此，人们越来越关注隐私权，隐私权的研究越来越深入。从世界范围来看，有的国家把隐私权作为一种独立的民事权利，通过立法或者判例确立和保护公民的隐私权。在我国的司法实践中，隐私权不是一个独立的法律概念，在民法中没有明确规定，最高人民法院在《关于贯彻执行〈中华人民共和国民法通则〉若干问题的意见（试行）》中，采取变通的方法，规定对侵害他人隐私权，造成名誉权损害的，认定为侵害名誉权，追究民事责任。将侵害隐私权的行为解释为侵害名誉权行为，在司法保护上采取间接保护方式，显然不够完善。为此本人从法理学角度研究隐私权，提出了三个方面的问题。1、隐私权的内涵、特征及重大意义。什么是隐私权，隐私权具有哪些基本特征，隐私权一经出现，其发展势头强劲，它存在和发展的基础、意义以及价值目标是什么？2、隐私权的历史沿革。研究了隐私权在中国的现状及检讨，造成隐私权在中国发展滞后的原因是什么？3、隐私权的法律保护范围、方式、手段有哪些？这三个问题构成了本篇论文的三大部分。论文第一部分主要是研究了隐私权的基本问题，包括隐私权概念的界定、隐私权与相关权利的关系，核心是隐私权确立的依据、必要性以及隐私权的价值。首先分析隐私权概念、性质和特征。笔者认为其较为合理的概念应是：隐私权是指自然人在不危害公共利益的前提下，对其私人活动、个人信息等个人活动领域内不为或不欲为他人所知悉的秘密，禁止他人干涉的权利。隐私权是独立的人格权，它有四个法律特征即严格的人身性、内容的真实性和隐蔽性、绝对支配性以及受到公共利<WP=52>益和社会公德制约的制约性。接下来，笔者用较浓的笔墨从三大方面阐述了设立隐私权的合理性：理论依据、重大意义和价值目标。隐私权根源于人的本性，是人权的一种，人的自然属性和社会属性是隐私权存在的重要基础和基本依据。设立隐私权的重大意义在于：隐私权不仅是保障人权的需要，也是权利本位理论的必然要求，是提高社会文明程度的根本需要。隐私权的价值目标是保证实现社会的秩序、正义和自由,由此得出确立隐私权的合理性与必然性。在这里,还探讨了隐私权与两种相关权利的关系。隐私权与知情权是两种相对的权利。当两者发生冲突时，应正确处理好它们之间的关系，使两者的利益达到最大的平衡。包括处理好普通自然人之间知情权与隐私权的冲突及普通自然人与社会知名人物、公务人员的知情权与隐私权的冲突。隐私权与名誉权关系最为密切，但两者不能混为一谈，它们在侵权客体、侵权方式、侵权事实后果、法律后果、免责条件上存在着很大差异，因此它们是两种不同的民事权利，凸显隐私权是一种独立人格权。 论文第二部分追溯了隐私权的历史沿革，展现了隐私权的发展现状，重点部分是对我国隐私权保护的检讨和立法建议。隐私权的提出有一个历史发展的过程。分为三个阶段，原始社会的萌生阶段，奴隶社会和封建社会的发展阶段，资本主义社会的确立阶段。同时也分析了隐私权得以在美国提出并确立的原因在于，美国有着特定的法律文化传统因素，社会契约原则和个人本位主义在人们的思想中根深蒂固。然后介绍了隐私权在世界范围内的发展状况，由于各国的历史传统不尽相同，在现实发展过程中人们的意识观念又呈现出巨大的差异，使其大致有三种类型。尽管存在着差异，世界范围内却开始对隐私权予以确认，《世界人权宣言》、《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》相继确立此方面的内容，之后许多有关国际人权的文件又不断加以丰富。接下来，是笔者对我国隐私权保护的检讨和立法建议，突出了理论与实践的结合。本部分一开始介绍了隐私权在<WP=53>我国法律中的立法现状，阐明了隐私权制度在我国法律中并未得到明确和广泛确认这一现实。接下来，笔者从文化传统要素的匮乏和政治上两种趋向的影响两个方面分析了隐私权在我国法律中相对滞后的深层原因。更多还原

【Abstract】 As the society develops, people’s sense of personal rights improves gradually. At the moment, the appearance of powers in public fields, like country, society, market, media etc. and their combination greatly infringe personal fields. Therefore, people pay more and more attention to privacy and the study on privacy becomes deeper and deeper. To look internationally, some countries consider privacy as an independent civil rights and there is Privacy Act in these countries. Some countries establish and protect privacy in their civil code or by prejudiction. In the judicial practice in our country, privacy is not an independent legal concept. There is no explicit prescription of privacy in civil law. People’s Supreme Court prescribes that violation of others’ privacy that infringe their reputation right is considered as reputation right infringement and it is necessary to investigate and affix civil liability by using versatile methods in Opinions on Several Problems in the Implementation of General Rules of Civil Law of People’s Republic of China(on trial). It is obviously not perfect to explain act of infringing privacy as act of infringing reputation right and adopt indirect protection in judicial protection. Therefore, I study privacy from a jurisprudential aspect and propose problems in three aspects. 1. What is the definition of privacy and its basic characteristics? Once privacy develops with a strong momentum, what is its foundation of existing and developing, significance and value goal? 2. The reason why the historical evolution of privacy prominently manifests status quo and inspection and causes the lagged development of privacy in China. 3. What are the scope ways and main legal responsibilities of legal protection for privacy? The three questions make up three parts of this thesis.The first part mainly studies some basic problems of privacy, including the definition of privacy, the relationship between privacy and relevant rights, focusing on analysis of the evidence, meaning and value of privacy. First, <WP=55>the author considers a more reasonable definition as: privacy is the right for natural person to forbidden others to interfere with secrets in personal domains like private activities, personal information etc on the premise that no public interest is violated. These secrets are unknown to others or the natural person does not want others to know. Privacy is an independent personal right. It generalizes four legal characteristics of privacy, that is, strict personal property, truth and concealing property of the content, absolute controlling property and conditionality by public interest and social morality. Then, the author specially emphasize on the elaboration of the reasonability of establishing privacy from three aspects: theoretical foundation, significance and value goal. Privacy is originated from human nature, is a kind of human rights. Natural property and social property of human being are the essential basis and basic foundation of privacy. The significance of privacy lies in that privacy is not only the requirement of guaranteeing human rights but certain requirement of rights position theory. It is the basic requirement to improve the level of social civilization. The value goal of privacy is to guarantee the realization of social order, justice and freedom, and hence it concludes the reasonability and inevitability of establishing privacy. At last, it discusses the relationship between privacy and two relevant rights. Right of privacy is opposite to right to know. When these two conflicts, it is necessary to correctly handle their relationship to reach the maximum balance of their interests. It includes handle the conflict between right of privacy and right to know among common natural persons and that between common natural person and celebrities and officials. Right of privacy is most closely related to reputation right, but they are not the same. There is great difference in the object, ways, fact consequences, legal consequences and exemption conditions of tort between th更多还原