嘉庆朝的财政危机和传统体制运行的困境

【作者】 邱伟；

【导师】 谢景芳；

【作者基本信息】 辽宁师范大学 ， 专门史， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 中国古代社会各大王朝的中衰是一个普遍存在的问题。清朝经历了一百多年的盛世后在王朝中期的嘉庆时期也走向了衰亡之路。以中国传统社会对人君的评价标准来看嘉庆帝无疑是个好皇帝:勤政、不昏庸失德、不宠信宦官奸佞、以身作则倡导节俭。但社会传统和清朝政治、经济运行的惯性使他不可能进行大的兴革,而终成为一个典型的“守成”之君。他唯一能做的就是尽一切可能在原有的旧体制框架下进行艰苦的维持和修补,再加上王朝中期人口增长与物质生存资料增长比例的失衡,使封建社会传统运行体制框架所能提供的社会生产力发展空间日益缩小。国家的各项收入拖欠严重,开支明显不足。主要表现在:漕运的弊窦丛杂;官贪民欠国库亏空;银贵钱贱造成金融制度混乱;对外贸易由出超变为入超,形势被动;八旗生计日窘;军费开支日重。这都造成了清政府财政的巨大压力。这种中衰之势不是由嘉庆帝造成的,而是封建体制所固有的各种矛盾历代积累的产物。虽然嘉庆帝采取了不少措施以求扭转颓势,但受传统观念的局限,他不可能、也没有办法实行开放的经济政策。在重农抑商和闭关自守的保守政策下,社会不可能有新的生产关系产生,也不可能让新的力量出现。这是任何一个统治者都无能为力的时代困境。事实证明:封闭体系下的王朝无法完成自我的更新和改造。更多还原

【Abstract】 The downfall in the middle of a dynasty is a prevalent existent problem in the ancient Chinese society. Qing Dynasty had been heading to come down since JiaJing Period which was in the mid-Qing after experiencing a prosperous and peaceful time more than 100 years. JiaJing Emperor was a good throne undoubtedly according to the criterion which the Chinese traditional society requested to a king: hard-working, not fatuous, not trusting eunuch or yes-man specially, setting himself an example to initiate thrity. But the social tradition and the circulated custom of the politics and the economy in Qing Dynasty made it impossible for him to proceed a momentous reform. he became a typical “guard ”king eventually. What he only could do was to maintain and repair the intrinsic tradition in the frame of the old system as possible. Additionally, the proportion of the increase of population towards material was out of balance in the midst of the Dynasty, which made the space of productivity development dwindled that provided by the frame of system in the traditional feudal society. The income of the country defaulted badly and the expenditure was deficient obviously. The main representations were: the water transport is abuse, the officials were corrupt, and the common people were poor extremely, the treasury was empty, the financial system was disorder, the foreign trade situation was passive, the lives of BaQi were strait and the military expenses were heavy increasingly. All of these above put ponderous pressure on the finance of Qing government. This tendency of downfall were not begotten by Emperor JiaJing. It was the accumulated outcome from the contradictions which was in the feudal system in past dynasties. Though Emperor JiaJing tried to take several ways to ameliorate this decadent condition, he couldn’t or had no way to put the open financial politics into practices because of the astrict of the traditional concept. Under the conservative policy of protecting agriculture and constraining business and closing the country to international intercourse, neither the new productive relationship nor the new power could come into being. This is the corner of the time that no dynast could find any way to get it better. The facts confirmed: The dynasty in the close system could not achieve the renewal and the reform of itself.更多还原