【作者】 丁兆叶；

【导师】 李寿欣；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 基础心理学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 前瞻记忆(prospective memory)是相对于回溯记忆(retrospective memory)提出的。回溯记忆是指对过去己发生过的活动和事件的记忆，而前瞻记忆是指对将来要完成的活动和事件的记忆，是一种指向未来活动的记忆。 20世纪70年代以前，人们对记忆的研究主要局限于回溯记忆，涉及前瞻记忆的研究很少。认知心理学对前瞻记忆的研究始于Loftus(1971)，前瞻记忆的名称从1975年才出现。二十世纪七、八十年代，前瞻记忆研究带有浓厚的自然主义色彩，但是自然情景研究缺乏控制，方法上存在缺陷。1990年，Einstein和McDaniel设计了一种实验室研究范式，该范式模拟现实中的前瞻记忆任务，采用一种类似于双任务的作业，将前瞻记忆任务嵌于某进行中任务当中。典型的实验室研究范式通常让被试在进行短时记忆测验过程中若碰见某词语(或在某一时刻)按某键反应，根据正确按键的次数确定前瞻记忆成绩。实验室研究范式的操作性强，对实验情景有较强的控制，具有很强的优越性，大大促进了前瞻记忆的研究。 近年来，前瞻记忆逐渐成为人们关注的热点问题，研究者对前瞻记忆的影响因素、神经生理基础、认知加工机制等问题进行了一系列研究。Dobbs认为，前瞻记忆不单纯是一种记忆，它包含对前瞻记忆的元知识，特别是计划的形成、线索的监控、计划的服从等会明显影响前瞻记忆的成绩。研究发现被试的个性特点，如行为模式、焦虑水平、言语能力等影响前瞻记忆的完成。但这方面的研究还很少，还有许多尚未涉及的领域。场依存性认知方式是一种重要的人格变量，探讨该人格变量对前瞻记忆的影响无疑具有重要的理论与现实意义。然而通过搜索国内外文献发现，至今还没有这方面的研究。 场依存性认知方式表示人们在信息加工过程中依赖于外部或内部参照物的倾向性，凡受外部因素影响大者属于场依存型，凡不受或很少受外部环境因素影响即受内部参照影响大者属于场独立型。诸多研究表明，场独立者在元认知技能、认知改组技能方面要好于场依存者，特别是注意监控技能以及信息的提取和组织能力。而前瞻记忆的完成需要注意监控系统监控完成前瞻记忆的时间与场合，也就是监视靶线索的出现，并在合适的时机中断进行中任务，将注意力转移到前瞻 认知方式和线索特征对前瞻记忆的影响记忆任务上来。因此，我们有理由相信，场依存性认知方式是影响前瞻记忆成绩的一个因素。 同时，研究者发现，线索特征如线索的内外部特点、线索的熟悉性与区别性直接影响前瞻记忆活动意向的提取，从而影响前瞻一记忆的完成。有研究发现，外部线索较内部线索更有利于前瞻一记忆的完成，低熟悉性靶线索与区别性靶线索能促进前瞻一记忆的完成。但研究结果还存在分歧，有待于进一步研究。 为探讨认知方式、任务类型与靶线索的熟悉性、区别性共同对前瞻记忆的影响，本研究采用实验室研究范式，以汉语双字词为材料，共设计三个实验进行研究。实验一探讨认知方式对基于事件的前瞻记忆的影响，采用独立组设计，分别为场依存组和场独立组;实验二探讨认知方式对基于事件和基于时间两种类型前瞻记忆的影响。采用2(认知方式:场依存型:场独立型)x2(任务类型:基于事件;基于时间)二因素混合设计，其中认知方式为被试间因素，任务类型为被试内因素。实验三探讨认知方式、靶线索熟悉性和区别性对前瞻记忆的影响，采用2(认知方式:场依存型;场独立型)咤(靶线索熟悉性:高熟悉:低熟悉)xZ(靶线索区别性:有区别;无区别)三因素被试间设计。 研究结果表明:(I)场独立者的前瞻记忆成绩显著高于场依存者，而回溯记忆成绩没有明显差异;(2)基于事件的前瞻记忆成绩要明显好于基于时间的前瞻记忆成绩。(3)低熟悉性靶线索和与背景有区别的靶线索更能促进前瞻记忆的完成，靶线索熟悉性和区别性之间存在非常明显的交互作用。 本研究具有重要的理论与现实意义。在理论上，本研究拓展了前瞻记忆和认知方式的研究领域，丰富了研究成果。在实践上，对人们改善前瞻记忆水平具有重要启发和指导意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Prospective memory (ProM) is different from retrospective memory(RetM). RetM concerns the memory which took place in the past time, while ProM is a type of memory in which an individual must remember to perform an intended activity at given time in the future.Before 1970, most researches about memory were concerned with RetM, there were few studies on ProM. Until 1971, Loftus began to study ProM in cognitive psychology, and the name of prospective memory appeared in 1975. During 1970s and 1980s, researchers had done some studies and gotten some descriptive data about ProM through field investigation method, because some unrelated variables could not be completely controlled, some results were not consistent. In 1990, Einstein and McDaniel developed the experimental paradigm to study ProM. It adopts two tasks in order to simulate the real-world ProM tasks, one is the ProM task, and the other is an ongoing task, and the ProM task is embedded in the ongoing task. Typical experimental paradigm involves asking participants to press a special key on the keyboard when they encounter a particular target word in the course of performing the ongoing activity, then record the ProM performance according to the times of their remembering to press the key properly. The experimental paradigm is a progressive method because it can control the unrelated variables more completely . From then on, the paradigm has been generally used in the study of ProM, which promotes the research on ProM largely.In recent years, ProM has generally become the hot spot in psychology, researchers have done a series of studies about ProM, such as the effect factors, the neurophysiological basis and the cognitive processing mechanism, etc.Dobbs regards that ProM is more than memory, it involves a variety of qualitatively different components, such as planning, monitoring, compliance and so on. Consequently, some researches indicated that the personality variables can affect the performance of ProM, such as behavior mode, anxiety, verbal ability et al. Butthere are many fields needed to be studied. For example, there has not been any study on the correlation between cognitive style and ProM.The field dependence-independence (FDI) is an important cognitive style, it reflects the individual difference in terms of the autonomy of external or internal referent. It is hypothesized that field-dependence(FD) individuals rely more on external frames of reference, while field-independence(FI) individuals rely more on internal frames of reference. From the recent studies concerned with FDI, researchers argue that FI individuals develop the meta-cognitive skills more early and more efficiently than FD individuals, especially the attention monitor, cognitive restructure, etc. At the same time, the executive attentional system or supervisory attention system (SAS) continuously commits to monitoring the environment for cues or markers associated with the intended action, and interrupt the ongoing task in order to execute the intended activity at an appropriate time. So the FDI might affect the performance of ProM.In addition, the cue characters affect the performance of ProM since they affect the monitor of the cue. Foreign researchers have found that unfamiliar and distinctive cue facilitate the performance of ProM. But there has not been any study concerned the question in China until today.The present research studied the effect of FDI, type of task, and cue characters on ProM. Following the experimental paradigm and employing Chinese words, the research includes three experiments in which the ongoing task is a short-time memory test and the ProM task is asking the subjects to press the space bar on the keyboard. Experiment 1 focused on the effect of FDI on event-based ProM, which adopted independent groups design including FD and FI group; Experiment 2 focused on the effect of FDI and type of ProM on ProM, the design of the experiment was a 2(cognitive style: FD; FI)x2(type of ProM: event-based; time-based) mixed factorial that included the between更多还原