“我写的一切都与您有关”——荣格心理学视阈下的卡夫卡及其创作

【作者】 窦燕；

【导师】 鹿国治；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 比较文学与世界文学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 父子关系是人类生活中最古老、最恒常的关系之一，古今中外许多文学名著都涉及父子关系问题，而其中的父子关系则往往表现为对立关系。可以这样说，父子冲突一直贯穿于人类历史的始终，也是文学作品的永恒主题之一。在20世纪文学中，父子冲突主题仍占十分重要的地位。人们所熟知的现代派文学大师卡夫卡，就在自己一系列的作品中大量表现父子冲突，而且他的个人生活、心理结构和创作生涯都受到他和父亲之间关系深刻的影响。卡夫卡独特的家庭生活经历和民族出身所决定的与父亲之间剪不断理还乱的复杂关系，使卡夫卡把毕生的写作经历和自己的父亲联系起来，认为父亲就象“上帝”，写作犹如“祈祷”。他甚至向自己的父亲明确宣称：“我写的书都与您有关，我在书里无非是倾诉了我当着您的面无法倾诉的话。”他还想给自己的全部作品题名为“逃出父亲范围的愿望”。卡夫卡对父亲的态度和他所创造的父亲形象都显得非常矛盾和复杂。他的父亲既是具体的个人，又是他对外部世界的内心体验的载体。同父亲形象具有令人敬畏和亲切和蔼的两面性一样，他本人对父亲也既有依恋、敬畏、顺从的一面，又有叛逆、谴责的一面。卡夫卡正是在对父亲复杂多样的态度缠绕和驱动下，向人们揭示了某些社会历史的和现实的文化真理，同时也使人们从这一过程中窥见他那颗在以父亲为中心的强大权威下痛苦挣扎的心灵的搏动。 本文借用荣格分析心理学中的个人无意识和集体无意识理论和框架来分析卡夫卡本人及创作中的心理动因，指出父子冲突笼罩和影响了他一生的所有方面，尤其是他的创作。可以毫不夸张地说，正是他和父亲之间说不清道不明的关系，造就了现在我们能了解到的卡夫卡，他的所有作品都是在父子冲突意义上的扩展。 本文共分为三部分： 第一部分：主要论述了个人无意识支配下的卡夫卡及其创作，借助于荣格分析心理学中的“情结”等理论，从卡夫卡的童年生活和幼时与父亲的关系入手，分析卡夫卡人格心理结构中的自卑／恐惧情结，指出这一情结影响了他一生的所有方面，并对它作了发生学分析，重点指出造成他自卑／恐惧情结的最初、最直接的来源正是父亲。 第二部分:主要讨论了集体无意识支配下的卡夫卡及其创作，从卡夫卡的民族出身出发分析卡夫卡创作的犹太原型。重点从占主导地位的父亲/上帝原型这一方面来阐述。在犹太文化中，父亲常常等同于上帝，卡夫卡的上帝理念主要来源于自己的生活体验，因此，父亲和上帝在他那里是统一的。这一部分还论述了父子冲突不仅仅是他个人的矛盾，也是自古以来全犹太民族的矛盾，是犹太人由来已久的集体无意识在他身上的反映或折射，从而进一步分析了这一原型在他一系列作品中的表现。 第三部分:指出父亲/上帝原型之源—古老的放逐/流浪原型，追溯到古代犹太文化典籍《圣经》，从而挖掘出父子冲突的宗教历史文化渊源，指出早在人类的童年时代就已埋下了“父与子”冲突的种子。《旧约》开篇的第一个故事《创世记》，就已透露出天父对人类的成见和人类对天父的背离。父亲这一古老的原型意象存活于各个时代、各个民族的集体无意识中。卡夫卡在父亲面前表现出来的自卑/恐惧情节只是这一古老的集体无意识在他个人身上的具体表现。卡夫卡作为人类的一员，他以父亲原型为载体，代表全人类，表达了对以父亲为代表的外部威权世界的种种体验，从而他及他的作品也就获得了永恒的意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Relationship between father and son, an ancient and everlasting aspect in people’s life, is treated in many literary works, ancient or modern, Chinese or abroad. Those works usually cover themes with regard to antithesis. We dare say that conflict between father and son runs through the river of history. It is also a permanent theme of literary works. In the literature of 20th century, the conflict between father and son still plays a very important role. The well-known modernist writer Franz Kafka also depicted the conflict in his works. His life experience, psychological structure, and writing career are deeply influenced by his father. His complicated relationship to his father.as a result of his individual family life and nationality, associated the works closely with his father. In the letter to his father he said that all of his works were related to him. He also told his father that what he expressed was just what he failed to do before him. To him, his father was just like God. Kafka’s attitudes to his father were very complicated and contradicted, which was given an excellent presentation in his novels. That caused the images he created were complicated and contradicted too. To him, his father was not only a specific individual but also a concrete carrier of his understanding the world. His father was stern and frightening as well as cordial and kind. Therefore, his attitudes towards his father involved love and respect as well as rebellion and condemnation. Kafka gave a full expression of the complicated and contradicted relationship between his father and himself in his novels. By this way he showed us some truth about history and reality. And at the same time we can see his suffering soul struggling under the powerful patriarchy.This article mainly produces an elaborate analysis of the personal unconscious and collective unconscious of Kafka with aid of Jung’s theory in combination of treatment of Kafka’s psychology and psychological cause of his writing. The article demonstrates that the conflict between his father and him influenced nearly everything in his life, especially his writing. We can say that it is just the conflict that makes the great writer now we know .All of his works were written on the basis of the conflict.This article can be divided into three parts:Part I: Kafka, as a writer, and his writing dominated by his personal unconscious are discussed according to his life of childhood. And Inferiority/Terror Complex in Kafka’s psychological structure are analyzed at the same time. What’s more, the causes of the complex are also indicated. Subsequently, we get the conclusion that his father is the cause of such complex.Part II: Kafka and his writing controlled by the collective unconscious are analyzed. According to his nationality, Kafka’s Jewish archetypes are mainly demonstrated. It emphasizes Father/God archetype in his novels and how the archetype produced is also explained. In the Jewish culture, father is nearly equal to God. Kafka’s idea about God was mainly from his private experience in his family. So father and God were actually the same to him. The conflict between father and son exists commonly in the culture of his nationality. Kafka’s works are actually the reflection of the collective unconscious of Jew.Part III: Finally, we explain the source of Father/God Archetype is the old Exiling/Roaming Archetype. Tracing back to the Old Testament, we can see the source of the conflict between Father and son. In fact, the conflict emerged and existed early in the childhood of human being. The first story in the Old Testament tells God’s prejudice against human and human’s objection against God. Father/God Archetype is present in the collective unconscious throughout all times and all nations. Kafka’s feelings of inferiority and terror before his father were just a form of reflection of the collective unconscious. Kafka, as a representative of human being, expressed his feelings in midst of the great power and the world. Thereby his works are carrying a permanent significance更多还原