【作者】 金月蓉；

【导师】 殷啸虎； 杨寅；

【作者基本信息】 华东政法学院 ， 宪法学与行政法学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 公证是一种非诉讼的程序性法律制度,现代国家几乎都建立了公证制度以适应社会经济生活发展的需要。作为一种预防性的司法证明制度,公证在我国的司法体制中不可或缺。但是随着我国市场经济体制的深入发展,原有计划经济体制下司法行政机关领导下的国家公证管理体制已经与现实产生了种种矛盾。与经济体制改革相适应的政治体制改革,为公证机关的定位这个课题提供了广泛讨论的空间。近年来,改革公证体制的呼声越来越高,一方面这是值得我们庆幸的,因为长久以来我国实行国家公证处体制,公证处虽然与司法行政机关内部科室在法律地位上有所区别,但实际的情况是无论是从人事还是财政上,公证处都没有体现独立性,司法行政机关对公证处的行政管理在新时期暴露出来种种问题,缺乏独立性的公证处,公证员在经济生活中的作用得不到应有的发挥;另一方面值得我们关注的是,无论是经济体制改革还是政治体制改革,我们都不能忽略的是这都是在现阶段的中国所要从事的改革,中国的国情是我们在改革中无法回避的现实。因此一味照抄照搬国外所谓的先进经验和制度也不是我们明智的选择。历史传统,经济发展水平,<WP=4>文化底蕴,民众的法律意识等各方面的因素决定了我们必须思考一条适合中国国情的公证管理体制改革道路。 本文从介绍公证的起源着手,对起源于古罗马,发展于法国的拉丁公证制度作了比较详细的介绍。同时介绍了我国古代公证的发展,其中以宋代印契制度为代表的中国古代公证以及“宋书铺”这一我国古代公证机构的雏形对我国古代公证制度的发展尤为影响重大。本文的重点是探讨我国现行公证体制的问题,在此基础上作者试图通过分析比较,提出自己对完善公证体制改革的一点粗浅的看法。在比较了公证制度比较发达的国家与我国的公证机构管理模式之后,作者对公证权作了一个分析,认为公证权既非行政权也非司法权,它应当是一个具有社会公共权力特征的证明权。公证机构应当是能够独立承担民事责任的主体,因此对其错证行为问责应当不再适用以前的行政复议,行政诉讼程序,而应该通过民事诉讼程序解决。在公证机构的改革被定位为是具有证明、服务、沟通、监督职能作用的市场中介组织的时代背景下,作者认为把公证机构的性质界定为具有履行国家公共职权和向社会提供法律服务双重职能的国家专门的证明机构是准确的。当前我们迫切需要解决的是公证机关的独立性问题,以及体制改革。在对这些问题反复思考的基础上,作者从促进我国公证机构事业体制改革,逐步赋予公证人独立法律地位以及公证赔偿等三个方面对完善我国的公证制度提出了一些构想。更多还原

【Abstract】 Notary is a non-litigation procedural legal system, which has been set up in almost every modern country in order to meet the need of the development of social economy. As a preventive judicial system, notary is an indispensable part in China’s judicial structure. However, as China’s market economy is developing in depth, the national notary administrative system with the leadship of judicial and administrative bodies under the structure of planned economy is in conflict with the reality. The political restructuring, which is compatible with the economic restructuring, has provided a wider space for the issue of orientation of the notary bodies. Recent years, the voice of reforming the notary system is rising. On the one hand, it is a positive trend. China carries out the system of national notary for a long time, in which the notary office seems to have difference from the judicial administrative organs <WP=6>in the filed of legal position, but in reality, whether on the personnel management or on the financial support, the notary office does not distinguish itself as independent. The notary office, when under the management of judicial administrative bodies, its notary public could not make the most of their power in social economic life. On the other hand, what we should concern is that China’s national condition is an inevitable reality we should face with both in the political reform and in the economic reform. Therefore, making use of the so-called advanced experience and systems from other countries invariably is not a wise choice. The historical traditions, the level of economic development, the cultural background, and the law awareness of the masses are all what we should concern in the reform of China’s notary management reform, which should be compatible with China’s national condition.This dissertation starts with the origin of the notary system and explains in detail the Latin notary system that stemmed from ancient Rome and developed in France. Meantime, this dissertation discusses the development of China’s ancient notary system, which has been greatly influenced by the “Yin Qi” system in the Song Dynasty and “Song Shu Pu”, an embryonic form of China’s ancient notary organization. This dissertation centers on the problems existing in China’s present notary system. Through analysis and comparison, The author tries to present her own point of view on improving the reform of notary system. After the comparison of China’s notary organization management mode and that of developed countries, the author holds that the notary power is neither administrative power nor judicial power, but testimonial power that bears the characteristics of social public power. The notary organizations ought to be the subject that could independently undertake the civil liability, therefore, the administrative reconsideration and administrative lawsuit procedure should no longer apply in the blame of notary organizations’ mistaken behavior, but civil lawsuit <WP=7>procedure instead. When regarded as a market intermediary organization that bears the function of testimony, service, communication and guidance after its reform, the author holds that it is correct to define the notary organization as specific national testimonial organization that bears the function of fulfilling the national public responsibility and providing the public with legal service. At present, the urgent problem we should solve is the independence of notary bodies and its system reform. In this dissertation, the author presents her conception to improve China’s notary system from three aspects, first is to promote the reform of China’s notary organizations, second is to gradually entrust to notary public independent legal status, and third is notary compensation.更多还原