“发愤著书”说及其郁闷心理

【作者】 王茜；

【导师】 张月；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 文艺学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 “发愤著书”说是我国古代文论的一个较为重要的命题，由司马迁系统提出。《报任安书》云：“盖西伯拘，而演《周易》；……《诗》三百篇大抵贤圣发愤之所为作也。此人皆意有所郁结，不得通其道也，故述往事，思来者。”司马迁的“发愤著书”说涉及到两方面的问题：一是他要回答历史上不朽的作品是怎样产生的。二是他要回答逆境中的创作究竟具有怎样的社会和情感心理功能。这一理论对后世发生了广泛而深远的影响，不断地被后世文人得以发挥和发展。“发愤著书”探讨的是文学创作动机与创作功能、主体与客体的诸多关系，其历史贡献功不可没。 一、“发愤著书”说及其“愤”的心理学内涵 以历史阶段为线索，考察“发愤著书”说发展变化的轨迹，揭示出“愤”的心理学内涵。从古人的论述看，“愤”的内涵是多方面的，既有烦闷、失望、哀怨、痛苦，又有悲痛、仇恨、愤恨、愤怒等心理因素，这些情感或单一或复合作用于主体，就会使主体产生郁闷情绪。所以“债”的心理学内涵主要是郁闷，“发愤”就是郁闷情感的宣泄。“愤”就是充实于内的憋闷情感，不是人们常说的“发愤”和“发奋”。“发奋”和“发愤”只是宣泄郁闷的一部分内容。 二、郁闷与作家、艺术家创作 郁闷的产生来自于和现实社会的的冲突，人们都会产生郁闷情绪。为了保持健全的人格，有了郁闷就要消除它。艺术创作能够宣泄心中的郁闷。升华是作家、艺术家消除郁闷的方法。把自己苦闷不平的情绪引导到对人、对社会都有利的方面去。文艺创作的动力正来自人间苦闷的积郁，苦闷不平的情感具有更强烈的艺术创作动力。 三、郁闷与艺术品价值 郁闷情感不但充当创作动力的角色，在古代文人的眼中，它还决定着艺术品的高低、艺术家的优劣。“和平之音淡薄，而愁思之声要妙”。古人常常把艺术上的成就说成是诗人不幸遭遇的结果。因为:(一)郁闷的心理体验有助于对人生的深刻反思。(二)郁闷的心理体验有助于艺术感受力的培养。(三)艺术作品的第一品格是情感的真实和深切，没有真实的情感，必不会有感人的作品，而郁闷情绪正好是一种既真实又深切的情感体验。 四、逾常与创造·.-.…，一:- 古今中外，在谈及郁闷与创造的关系时，也常热衷于艺术品与作家、艺术家的心理逾常。作家、’艺术一家韵情绪表现一方式和行为表现方式有别于正常人。敏感、_双重人格的矛盾一’‘组合、社会环境因素是造成他们心理逾常的主要因素。这种逾常为他们释放心中强烈的不平提供动力·，，.它、促使艺:术家通-过幻想来进行创作这一创造性实践，从而使作家、艺术家在实践中找寻生命的意义和价值。 结语 “发愤著书”说从古到今都被文人发挥演绎着，显示了巨大的生命力。“愤”有多种内涵，究其本质是作家、艺术家心中苦闷情绪的郁结，简言之就是情绪郁闷。有了郁闷就要合理宣泄，‘否则就会造成身心损害。艺术品的创造就是作家、艺术家宣泄郁闷的结果。不仅如此，郁闷还影响艺术品的价值。作家、艺术家的失去常态的郁闷揭示了作家、艺术家创作的意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Theory that " Out of Indignation Comes Writing" is a more important one in Chinese ancient literary criticism, which was first thrown out by Sima Qian, a man of letters in Han Dynasties. It deals with two aspects of the theory: one is to answer that how immortal masterpieces were produced and the other is that to what degree social and emotional functions of psychology play in writing in adversary circumstances. This theory has made quite great effects on the later writings and has been further developed by the men of letters who followed Sima Qian. It probes into the motivation of literary creation and its function as well as the various relations between subject and object.I. The Theory that "Out of Indignation Comes Writing" and the psychological connotations of" indignation".From the ancient arguments it can be: seen that -the psychological connotations of " indignation" are many-sided; its core is the gloomy and depressed feelings of the subject.The psychological connotation of. "Indignation" is mainly gloomy; "Out of indignation" is to outlet the depressed feelings. Indignation or anger is in fact the gloomy emotion suppressed in mind,not"toventthe personal spite" or "to work energetically".. Gloominess and writers including artistic creationGloominess comes from the conflict between the writer and the social reality. Artistic creation helps vent the depressed feelings in the mind. Sublimation is the way for writers or artists to clear up their gloomy emotions which are led to the sides favorable to mankind and society. The motive power of artistic creation comes from the accumulated bitterness of the human world. . Gloominess and value of artistic worksGloomy and depressed feelings not only take the role of the motive power of creation, but determine the good or bad quality of artistic works as well as artists. This is because that: A) the psychological experience of being depressed is helpful to the meditation of life; B) and it is also helpful to the cultivation of artistic capacity; C) the first character of art is the emotional truth and depth and the depressed feelings are such emotional experience. IV. Departure from the usual practice and creationWriters and artists have their own ways of venting their feelings which depart from the usual practice of ordinary people. The chief factors that make them psychologically depart from the usual practice are their sensitivity, contradictory combination of double personality and social environmental factors. This departure usuallyurges them to practice creative writing by vision so that they can find out the meaning and the value of life in their practice of creation.ConclusionThe Theory that "Out of Indignation Comes Writing" has been practiced by men of letters at all times, showing great vitality. The gloomy and depressed feelings and psychology of these writers and artists have revealed the motive and meaning of their artistic creation.更多还原