【作者】 王天明；

【导师】 国庆喜；

【作者基本信息】 东北林业大学 ， 生态学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 本文以一个完整的、自然的地理单元—丰林自然保护区为研究对象，应用遥感影像解译、确定性空间插值、双向指示种分类法和典范对应分析、生物多样性测度等方法，围绕环境因子与物种多样性的关系，依照现代生态学的层次观，从物种、群落和景观水平系统地研究了阔叶红松林的景观多样性和群落物种多样性，得出如下结论： 1．通过遥感与GIS等对丰林保护区进行景观生态分类与制图，共划分了18种景观类型，获取了景观层次上的区域空间直观的分布规律和定量的数据。把具有原始林性质的景观类型：椴树红松林、枫桦红松林、云冷杉红松林，云冷杉林以及仍具有原始林特色的针阔混交林、针叶混交林和落叶松林合为一组，代表原始林景观，他们约占森林面积的90.0％，把次生化的派生林和次生林：柞树林、白桦林、山杨林以及由于自然的或人为的原因形成的软、硬阔叶林、阔叶混交林合为一组，它们占保护区森林面积的10.0％。 2．通过丰林保护区原生森林景观与丽林—杨树河次生景观类型景观多样性的对比表明：从原生森林景观到次生森林景观，森林景观呈现出严重的破碎化。通过从斑块多样性、格局多样性和类型多样性的差异中可以看出，次生林景观具有较大的多样性和均匀性，较低的景观优势度，从而引起景观内部空间格局的改变。采伐和经营活动对景观的这种带有定向性的外部干扰力，使景观的结构变化带有一定趋向性，景观类型的波动中有新的景观镶嵌体出现。 3．阔叶红松林不同群落类型中物种丰富度的垂直结构是草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层。15块样地物种丰富度变化范围为28-64种，平均为49.7种。所有样方内乔木层的物种丰富度都较低。灌木层物种丰富度(5～18种)明显大于乔木层(4～8种)，草本层物种丰富度最大(17～42种)。阔叶红松林群落中下本种类，以云冷杉红松林中最多，平均达到51.8种；枫桦红林和椴树红松林次之，平均值分别为49.3和33.7种；谷地落叶松林和陡坡红松纯林最少，只有26和24种。 4．在阔叶红松林群落中，对于多样性(SW)和均匀度(E)来说，一般有草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层。6个群落物种多样性指数(SW)和均匀度指数(E)都反映出基本一致的趋势，而优势度指数(SD)则呈现相反的趋势。对调查样地所有植物而言，阔叶红松林的多样性主要来源于灌木层和草本层的贡献。4个阔叶红松群落类型多样性(SW)排序：云冷杉红松林(1.2687)＞枫桦红松林(1.2647)＞椴树红松林(0.4640)＞柞树红松林(0.1691)。 5．原始阔叶红松林中沿湿度梯度群落的物种多样性指数呈现出“上升—峰值—下降”的单峰曲线变化趋势。表明阔叶红松林中物种多样性与生境有关，中生环境植物群落(枫桦红松林、椴树红松林)的多样性最大，而趋于干(陡坡红松林)湿(落叶松林、云冷杉林)两个极端环境的多样性逐渐降低。由此可以看出，环境条件恶劣是引起物种多样性降低的潜在危险。 6.目前，落叶松林、锻树红松林和陡坡红松林群落的发育阶段都处于衰退、衰亡阶段;其中，落叶松目前处于被云冷杉更替的阶段。云冷杉红松林、枫桦红松林的样地群落发育阶段均处于成熟形成、成熟发展和成熟阶段。随着这个发育序列，物种多样性指数和物种丰富度的变化，其趋势是从低向高的方向发展，处于衰退、衰亡阶段的群落物种多样性和丰富度最低，而达到稳定成熟阶段的群落，其多样性指数和物种丰富度较高。 7.通过景观尺度的样点抽样(point一Sampling)，应用确定性空间插值方法，在景观水平内模拟了乔木物种丰度的空间分布变异性，为未来生物多样性的保护与规划提供了依据。通过交叉移走，交叉验证的结果解释了85%的多样性的空间变异在该地区得到了很好的应用，表明空间模拟的精度是相当高的。另外，反距离加权法预测了高乔木物种多样性区域在实验区。验证了“中等强度干扰假说”。 8.地形对丰林自然保护区原始阔叶红松林物种多样性格局的影响表现多维和多尺度的特征。在小尺度范围内(主要是群落水平，地形对乔、灌、草三层物种多样性的影响)，各层次多样性格局存在着复杂的内在机制，小地形差异带来的影响占有突出地位。总体来看，比较敏感的地形因子主要是坡向、坡度和坡位，其中坡向对物种多样性的影响最大。海拔范围由于变化不大，所以没有独立的指示意义而表现不突出。在大尺度(主要是景观水平)范围内，地形因子对乔木物种a多样性格局影响的顺序是:海拔、坡度、坡向，表明海拔梯度突出。更多还原

【Abstract】 Fenglin nature reserve was established in 1958 in Wuying district. It was titled as the national level reserve in 1988, and later was brought into the global biosphere network of the UNESCO in 1997. The reserve is composed of coniferous and deciduous trees, which is the largest and the most well-preserved virginal Korean pine forest and is indeed a precious species gene bank in China.According to the hiberarchy of modern ecology, focusing on the relationship of environmental factor and species diversity, a case study was carried out at the Fenglin Natural Reserve in Heilongjiang Province. Diversity of landscape level and diversity of community-ecosystem level were assessed by using the methods of deterministic method for spatial interpolation, remote sensing image, TWINSPAN (Two-way indicator species analysis), CCA (Canonical correspondence analysis) and measure of biodiversity. The main results are as following:According to the TM image (cell size 30x30 m) and GIS, Fenglin Nature Reserve, carried out ecological classification and mapping of landscape, was divided 18 landscape element and was distilled quantitative data of landscape type. The result showed that virgin forest landscape, accounting for 90 percentage of the total forest area, constituted a principal part of forest in Fenglin Nature Reserve. It was wide that the spatial distribution of Tilia amurensis Korean pine forest and Betula costata Korean pine forest and spruce-fir Korean pine forest and mixed coniferous forest. The distributing extent of mixed broad leaf-conifer forest is maximal, which is conformed to succession law, because it possessed site of Korean pine forest and spruce-fir forest. The distributing breadth of the Secondary forest landscape types(Populus davidiana forest, Birch forest and soft mixed broad-leaved forest and Quercus mongolica forest was narrow as a result of human disturbance.The secondary forest landscape in the Lilin-Yangshuhe forest field compared to the virgin forest landscape in Fenglin Natural Reserve tended to severely fragment, but possessed of upper diversity and evenness and lower dominance resulting in changes of spatial pattern of landscape. Logging and cutting made landscape structure incline to generate new landscape mosaic.Along the humidity gradation in the broad-leaved Korean pine forest, indices of species diversity which showed "up-top-drop" tendency was related with habitat. Highest value of a-diversity indices of community was recorded at neutral habitat and lowest at extreme dry andwettest habitat, which indicated that worst environmental was a potent danger of decrease of species diversity.At present, community of larch forest, replaced by spruce-fir forest, Tilia amurensis Korean pine forest and steep slope Korean pine forest is falling off and tending to contabescence, while Spruce-fir Korean pine forest and Betula costata Korean pine forest locate the stage of formative-maturity, developmental-maturity and maturity. Among the development sequence, species diversity indices and species richness, ranging from low to high, were lowest at declined community and highest at steady and mature community, which accorded with that diversity varied across succession evolving.Among point-sampling of landscape scale simulated the spatial variation of tree species richness by using deterministic method for spatial interpolation, providing a basis for protecting and planning of biodiversity in the future. The accuracy of the spatial model is high and the cross-validation explains 85% of variance in the diversity of the removed plots (n=159).As the accuracy of the spatial model, this suggests that the tree a-diversity of unmeasured areas can be estimated with a fairly high level of accuracy. In addition to inversely distance weighted method forecasted that tree species diversity was yielded in experiment area, this is in consonance with intermediate disturbance hypothesis of Connell.The impact of terrain on pattern of species diversity of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest in the Fenglin Natrue更多还原