【作者】 印毅；

【导师】 杨益众；

【作者基本信息】 扬州大学 ， 农业昆虫与害虫防治， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 目前江苏地区的麦蚜种类主要是禾缢管蚜（Rhopalosiphum padi Linnaeus）、麦长管蚜（Sitobion avenae Fabricius）和麦二叉蚜（Schizaphis graminum Rondani），3种麦蚜的种群数量和发生情况因麦蚜种类、气候因素等不同而有差异。2001年秋至2002年初夏的调查结果为：禾缢管蚜占81.46％，麦长管蚜占17.32％，麦二叉蚜占2.22％；2002年秋至2003年初夏的调查结果为：禾缢管蚜占68.31％，麦长管蚜占27.53％，麦二叉蚜占4.16％。温度、降雨量、天敌是影响麦蚜发生的主导因子。麦蚜的天敌有异色瓢虫（Harmonia axyridis Pallas）、龟纹瓢虫（Propylea Japonila Thunberg）、七星瓢虫（Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus）、燕麦蚜茧蜂（Aphidiu aveneaHalidag）、食蚜蝇（Chrysotoxum spp.）幼虫、草蛉（Chrysopidae spp.）幼虫、草间小黑蛛（Eriganidium griminicola Sundvall）、拟环纹狼蛛（Lycosa pseudoannulata Boeset Str.）。其中异色瓢虫、龟纹瓢虫是麦蚜的主要捕食性天敌，燕麦蚜茧蜂、七星瓢虫、大灰食蚜蝇（Syrphus corollae Fabricius）在麦田中控制蚜害的作用相对次要。异色瓢虫的种群数量两年平均占48.68％，龟纹瓢虫平均占25.18％，七星瓢虫平均占7.17％，食蚜蝇幼虫平均占4.21％。天敌的发生在数量、时间和空间上与麦蚜的发生存在紧密的跟随现象。 应用二次正交回归旋转组合设计方法，研究了麦田生态系统中主要捕食性天敌龟纹瓢虫（x₁）、异色瓢虫（x₂）、大灰食蚜蝇幼虫（x₃）与禾缢管蚜（x₄）、麦长管蚜（x₅）共存条件下天敌对麦蚜的控制作用，组建了天敌—麦蚜捕食模型。禾缢管蚜（Y4）和麦长管蚜（Y5）的存活率与各参试天敌因子的数学模型分别为： Y4=0.32510-0.09852x₁-0.06249x₂-0.01563x₃+0.09556x₄-0.00651x₅+0.01236x₁²-0.00328x₂²+0.00194x₃²+0.01183x₄²-0.00328x₅²-0.00391x₁x₂-0.03906x₁x₃+0.00585x₁x₄-0.02149x₁x₅-0.01368x₂x₃+0.00781x₂x₄-0.01563x₂x₅+0.00781x₃x₄-0.01953x₃x₅+0.00586x₄x₅ （Ⅰ） Y5=0.32309-0.07768x₁-0.05165x₂-0.01781x₃+0.01693x₄+0.04792x₅+0.01276x₁²-0.00807x₂²-0.0026x₃+0.02578x₄²-0.00911x₅²+0.00001x₁x₂-0.03907x₁x₃-0.00781x₁x₄-0.00196x₁x₅-0.00781x₂x₃+0.01563x₂x₄-0.01758x₂x₅+0.01563x₃x₄-0.01368x₃x₅-0.00586x₄x₅ （Ⅱ） 模型能反映在实验条件下麦蚜存活率与各参试因子之间的数量关系，不存在失拟因素。模型主效应分析表明，影响禾缢管蚜存活率大小的因子排序为异色瓢扬州大学硕士学位论文虫>自身密度)龟纹瓢虫)大灰食蚜蝇;影响麦长管蚜存活率大小的因子排序为异色瓢虫>龟纹瓢虫>自身密度>大灰食蚜蝇，同时分析了天敌之间的相互作用及其对两种麦蚜的存活率影响，初步建立了天敌密度的最佳组合，5个因子龟纹瓢虫:异色瓢虫:大灰食蚜蝇幼虫:禾绕管蚜:麦长管蚜对禾绕管蚜最大捕食量的最佳密度比例近似为1:1:1:2:10，对麦长管蚜捕食量的最佳密度近似比例为1:1:1:6:2。 在小麦孕穗期、抽穗扬花期和灌浆期三个生育期，用蜂蜜模拟麦蚜蜜露危害。随着蜜露危害程度的增加，在三个生育期内，小麦千粒重、面粉淀粉含量、湿面筋含量和蛋白质含量总的呈逐渐下降趋势，但在不同生育阶段，小麦受危害后具有不同程度的超补偿能力。小麦千粒重、淀粉、湿面筋、蛋白质含量最大损失率，在孕穗期分别为:39.06%、17.22%、18.79%、45.5%:在抽穗扬花期分别为:41 .79%、8.26%、14.83%、39.26%;在灌浆期分别为:47.21%、9.26%、24.01%、44.63%。在这三个生育期中，小麦籽粒千粒重和蛋白质含量受影响程度最显著，湿面筋含量次之，淀粉含量变化不显著。蜜露危害对小麦产量与主要营养品质的影响，在小麦三个生育期之间存在一定的差异。 分别设置不同的温度梯度以及土壤含水量，处理禾绕管蚜，研究零下低温和土壤含水量对该虫存活率的影响。结果表明，禾绕管蚜比较耐低温，在一12℃处理12小时，存活率仍有34.5%。但在相同的处理时间下，禾绩管蚜的存活率随着温度的降低而降低;相同的低温条件，随着处理时间的增加，禾绩管蚜存活率也随之降低。此外，禾绩管蚜成蚜耐寒力强于若蚜。禾绩管蚜存活率主要受低温影响，土壤含水量对它的影响不显著。 雨水冲刷试验对麦蚜与天敌亚群落的影响研究结果表明，中等以上雨量对麦蚜与天敌有较强的冲刷作用，且雨量越大，冲刷效果越明显，雨量与虫口减退率呈一定的线性关系。同时雨水冲刷对天敌的影响比对麦蚜的影响更显著。更多还原

【Abstract】 The cereal aphid is one of the most important cereal insect pests of field crops in Jiangsu. and in many other parts of China. Our study indicated the three main kinds of wheat aphids including Rhopalosiphum padi Linnaeus, Sitobion avenae Fabricius and Schizaphis graminum Rondani were predominant aphids in Jiangsu Province. The occurrence of natural population of three aphids had some differences depended largely on the species of wheat aphid, weather factors and so forth. Investigation showed that the proportion of population density of three kinds of aphids (bird-cherry aphid, wheat aphid, green-bug) was 81.46%, 17.32%, 2.22% in 2002, respectively; and was 68.31%, 27.53%, 4.16% in 2003, respectively. Studies also showed that temperature, raining, natural enemies were three important effect factors on the their population dynamics. Some natural enemies of the wheat aphid were Harmonia axyridis Pallas, Propylea japonila Thunberg, Coccinella septempunctata L, A. avenea Halidag, Chrysotoxum spp., Chrysopidae spp., Eriganictium griminicola Sundvall, Lycosa pseudoannulata Boes et Str. and so on and the main predominant predators controlling the wheat aphids were H. axyridis, P. Japonila and C. septempunctata; But, the controlling effects of some other predators such as A. avenea, Syrphus corollas were the second. Two years study conducted that the average proportion of four main natural enemies (H. axyridis , P. japonila, C. septempunctaia, C. spp.) were 48.68%, 25.18%. 7.17%, 4.21%, respectively. Furthermore, an interestingly following phenomenon appeared on their population density, occurrence stage between cereal aphids and its natural enemies based on the investigation.The mathematical prey-models were established by using the method of rotational combined design of square orthogonal regression between three kinds of natural enemies:P. japonila (x1), H. axyridis (x2), 5. corollae (x3) and two aphids:R. padi (x4). 5. avenae (x5). The prey-models of survival rates of R. padi aphids (Y4) and S. avenae (Y5) were as followings:Y4=0.32510-0.09852x,-0.06249x2-0.01563x3+0.09556x4-0.0065 Ix5+0.01236x,2-0.00328x22 +0.00194x32+0.01183x42-0.00328x52-0.00391xix2-0.03906x1X3+0.00585x]X4-0.02149x,X5 -0.01368x2X3+0.00781x2X4-0.01563x2X5+0.00781x3X4-0.01953x3X5+0.00586x4X5 (I)Y5=0.32309-0.07768xr0.05165x2-0.01781x3+0.01693x4+0.04792x5+0.01276x12-0.00807x22 -0.0026x32+0.02578x42-0.00911x52+0.00001xiX2-0.03907x1X3-0.00781x1x4-0.00196x1X5-0.00781x2X3+0.01563x2X4-0.01758x2X5+0.01563x3X4-0.01368x3X5-0.00586x4X5 (II)These two models can reflect the relationship between the survival rates of aphid and their natural enemies in terms of our experiments. The results pointed out an influence order of predators impacting the survival rates of bird-cherry aphid. They were H. axyridis > itself density > P. japonila > S. corollae and wheat aphid, which were H. axyridis > P. japonila > itself density > S. corollae. Meanwhile, the interaction among three natural enemies and between two wheat aphids was analyzed. An optimal proportion of the three predators in the multi-predators prey system were preliminarily established. To R. padi, the optimal proportion of five species of insect was 1: 1: 1: 2: 10 and to S. avenae, which was 1: 1: 1: 6: 2.Artificial honeydew was used as aphid’s honeydew to imitate the effect on the wheat yield and qualities in the three wheat different growth stages including booting stage, earring period and milking stage. The results showed that agronomic characteristic, the content of starch, wet gluten and protein were much lower than those no-damage wheat in the three wheat stages according to the difference of concentrations of artificial honeydew. It also showed that the wheat had somewhat super-compensative function after infestation, In the booting stage, the maximal lost rate of agronomic characteristic, the content of starch, wet gluten and protein was 39.09%, 17.22%. 18.79%, 45.5%, respectively; In earring period, which was 41.79%, 8.26%, 14.83% and 39.26%. In milking stage, which was 47更多还原