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基于电力线载波和GSM网络相结合的自动抄表系统研究

Automatic Reading Meter System Based on Power Line Carrier and GSM Network

【作者】 李红

【导师】 于枫;

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 , 信号与信息处理, 2004, 硕士

【摘要】 目前各种用户仪表的抄表,基本上还处在人工抄表的状况,其抄表的同时性和准确性难以保证,同时居民用表还存在着分散、量大、楼高等特点。人工抄表的工作量巨大,工作效率低,不仅给用户带来不便,而且会存在漏抄、误抄、估抄的现象。随着电子技术、计算机技术和通信技术的发展,无论用户还是管理部门都迫切需要现代化管理手段的介入。这给管理部门在管理规范化、自动化和收费网络化方面提出了新的课题,推动了计费管理的电子化、信息化和网络化。本课题正是基于这一背景,提出了将低压电力载波通信与GSM无线数据通信结合起来的自动抄表系统。远程自动抄表系统不需要人员到达用户现场,将计算机技术、通信技术、网络技术和微电子技术相结合,通过一定的网络设备建立通讯联系,具有高度集成性,集软件、硬件为一体,对各种范围内用户实时用量信息以及各种故障信息数据自动正确采集、传输、统计及综合分析。远程自动抄表系统的通信信道方案包括集中器与采集器的底层通信信道方案和管理中心与集中器的上层通信信道方案。底层通信方案常用的模式有红外线通信、RS-485总线、仪表总线和低压电力载波通信等。上层通信方案常用的模式有电话线、光纤、无线和城域网等多种模式。作为自动抄表系统的通信方案将直接影响整个系统数据传输的可靠性,本文综合考虑以上几种方案,选择采用低压电力线载波作为底层通信,利用GSM网络作为上层通信。由于底层通信和上层通信是整个系统的关键,本文将重点说明这两种通信技术。采用低压电力线载波作为集中器与采集器的底层通信信道,是因为低压电力线连接千家万户,构成最普及的网络。利用它进行数据通信,传递各种信息,不占用无线频道资源,也不需铺设专用通讯线路,省工、省钱、维护简单,有着广阔的前景。低压电力线的信道很恶劣,本文首先从理论上分析了低压电力线载波信道的输入阻抗特性、衰减特性以及加性噪声和干扰,并对电力线载波通信的三种通信方式:窄带通信,扩频通信及OFDM在电力线上传输的优缺点进行了比较。在数据传输率要求较高时,OFDM具有优势,而在低速率时扩频技术更为适合。在本文中的自动抄表系统中,对传输速率要求不高,因此采用扩频技<WP=79>术来实现。并在此基础上选择了扩频芯片SSC P300,由此而设计出基于该芯片的Modem。 美国Intellon公司的SSC P300是一款高性能的扩频载波芯片。它利用扫描频率的chirps进行载波。作为电力线这一特殊的通信信道,虽然在通讯中采用了调制、扩频等技术来增强抗干扰问题,但是还必须依靠一定的差错控制来提高系统的抗干扰能力减少误码率。在电力线信道数据传输中主要是考虑脉冲干扰,为了可靠传递数据,可以依靠重发机制或者前向纠错机制。我们发现电力线上的干扰脉冲持续虽然短,但能量集中,频谱宽,能影响若干个位甚至十几个位。为了纠错比较多的误码,就需附加很多的多余码元,这就使得传输效率低下。当系统的信道产生的差错超过所能纠错的能力,接收端将收到错误信息。因此在电力线通讯中采用的数据差错控制协议以ARQ差错控制方式为佳。电力线载波使用的是低压电力网络,属于公开的共享传输媒介,任何用户都可以无限制的将设备接到网络上。这就使得数据安全更容易受到威胁。本文提出了以随机数确定传输数据顺序、用单向哈希函数对数据进行运算、用一次性加密方法对哈希值和随机数进行加密的数据加密解决方案。但是由于低压电力载波通信方式不能实现跨变压器通信,因此只能用于同一变压器内的数据通信。而要实现自动抄表系统的数据远传,我们则需在集中器和管理中心之间选择另外的通信方式,在这里我们选择了使用GSM网络的短消息业务来实现数据的远传。采用GSM无线网络作为自动抄表系统的上层通信信道,是因为用GSM网络可以不必重新建设新的基站,只需利用现有的网络就可以。并且在数据传输的可靠性上也完全可以依赖于网络的管理。这时,我们只需在集中器和管理中心各加装一个无线调制解调器GSM Modem即可实现数据远传。本文选择了TC35无线调制解调模块来实现利用短消息的方式传输数据。根据GSM技术规范,利用短消息进行无线数据传输时,可以采用两种数据格式,一种是文本方式,一种是PDU(Protocol Data Unit)格式。PDU相当于一个数据包, 由短消息服务中心SMSC地址和传输协议数据单元组成。通过向模块发送AT命令对模块进行控制,向GSM网络接收和发送数据,从而实现与管理中心的通信。通过本文的分析和设计,我们可以得出以低压电力线载波结合GSM网络通信的数据传输方案符合住宅小区收费表数据远传的需要,是性能价格比最优的可靠性、实用性方案。越来越多的新技术开始应用到电力线载波通信上,通<WP=80>过电力线构造通信网将成为当今又一热点。可以预见,随着科学技术的发展,新技术的引入将使电力线载波通信成为通信领域中的一种重要方式。而建立在GSM基础上的GPRS网络技术,由于引入分组概念,为设备无线接入Internet提供了一种先进的有效的手段。

【Abstract】 Recently reading meter of all kinds of user’s meter is basically on the condition of artificial reading meter,it is difficult to guarantee the simultaneous and accurate of reading meter , and characteristics of user’s meter is disperse、generous and high building. The work of artificial reading meter is large and inefficient,it not only makes user inconvenient,but also has the appearance of missing reading、mistaking reading、estimating reading.With the development of electronic、computer and communication technology,user and administrative department urgently demand the intervention of modernized management means. That will put forward a new problem for administrative department in the respect of management normalization、automation and charge network,thus it will promote reading meter’s electronization、information and network,the task is base on this background,the automatic reading meter of combining low voltage power line carrier with wireless data communicationRemote automatic reading meter system need not personnel go to the user’s spot, it combines computer technology with communication technology、network technology and microelectronics technology ,sets up communicate connection through stated network equipments,it has high integration,merge into a whole with software and hardware,automatic rightly collect、transmission、statistics and synthetical analyse for the information of user’s real time using amount in all scope and all kinds failure information data.The communicate channel scheme of remote automatic reading meter system include the bottom communicate channel between collecter and sampler and the top communicate channel between management center and collecter. The bottom communicate channel often uses the mode including of infrared ray communication、RS-485 bus、meter bus and low voltage power line carrier communication,etc. The top communicate channel often uses the mode including of telephone line、fibre-optical、wireless and Metropolitan Area Network etc. As the automatic reading meter system’s communication scheme will directly affect <WP=82>the reliability of transmission data in all system,we synthesize consider some above schemes in this paper,choose low voltage power line carrier as the bottom communication,use GSM network as the top communication. Because the bottom communication and top communication are the key of all system, we will put stress on this two communication technologies in this paper.Using low voltage power line carrier as the bottom communication channel between collecter and sampler,just low voltage power line composed the most common net because it connects thousands of households. People need not to build other communication channel and provide special radio frequency for it when using power line to transfer data and information. Compared with other communication channel, power line carrier has broader future because it costs less money and less working and can be repaired easily.Power line medium is not suitable for communication. Characteristics of power line medium is first analyzed in this paper. Having researched on signal transmission characteristics of low voltage power line (input impedance、attenuation and disturbance). In this paper,we compare the advantage and disadvantage of power line carrier communication technology using three ways: narrow band communication、Spread Spectrum and OFDM. It is found that OFDM is better if the data transferring rate is high, and Spread Spectrum is more suitable if the data is low. Automatic reading meter system in this paper demands for transferring speed not highly,so we can use spread spectrum to achieve. And we choose a spread spectrum chip—SSC P300 based on it,design modem based on this chip。SSC P300 of Intellon Company in American is a high-performance spread spectrum carrier chip. It uses chirps of scan frequency to make carrier.Power line is a special communication channel,although it adopts modulate、spread spectrum and another technology to strengthen anti-disturb in commu

  • 【网络出版投稿人】 吉林大学
  • 【网络出版年期】2004年 04期
  • 【分类号】TP274.2
  • 【被引频次】11
  • 【下载频次】950
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