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董事制衡机制研究
Research on the Mechanism of Check and Balance the Directors
【作者】 王旭东;
【导师】 徐卫东;
【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 , 民商法学, 2004, 硕士
【摘要】 公司治理结构是当代公司制度中的关键问题之一,得到理论与实践的极大关注,而就公司治理结构建设所负载的根本使命来看,基本上就是公司中各组织机关如何制衡董事的问题。这一问题之所以重要,是因为董事处于公司权力金字塔的顶端,是公司的实际领导者,因而其行为与公司的前途命运直接相关。同时,制衡董事又是一个非常复杂的问题,它必须解决监督角度的选择及监控力度的控制等方面的问题,以实现双重的目标:一是控制董事的自主行为不至于溢出公司根本目标价值体系的容纳范围之外,使董事的行为符合公司及其股东的近期与远期利益要求;二是适应专业化经营的客观需要,合理界定其他公司机关行使监督制衡权的领域及途径,以免束缚董事在经营运作领域的活力及企业家才能。为此目的,本文分四个部分展开探讨。第一部分分析、评价了两种董事制衡机制的设计方式:德日等大陆法系国家与英美等国家基于各自不同的国情,分别在董事会内、外建构了相应的制衡机制:德日等国倚重于上位于董事会 51<WP=58>吉林大学硕士学位论文董事制衡机制研究的监事会机关,凭借权力落差实现制衡的目的;美国则充分利用其民主的传统,而采用了借助于数量上处于优势的独立董事发挥作用的方式。第二部分主要涉及如何定位董事以及如何选择制衡的依靠力量问题。笔者认为,董事的职权依据股东的选举行为以及公司的结构特质而产生,因而应从这两方面寻求制衡的依靠力量,同时,对董事的制衡应当定位于董事是代表公司整体利益的经营管理者的基点之上。因此,其主要应当受到股东及监事会的制衡。第三部分着重论述股东制衡董事的问题。提出应当正视大股东与中小股东的差别,分别设计制衡董事的法律机制。即:开通中小股东的参与渠道;规范大股东的参与行为。一方面,对于大股东而言,由于其与公司利益休戚相关,而且具有较高的稳定性,因此应当是制衡董事的一股可以依靠的力量,然而我国目前的大股东(主要是国家股股东)受官僚代理以及所有者缺位等问题的困扰,在公司事务中发挥的作用并不令人满意,常常是在不当干预与无所作为两极游离不定,其实这种情况的出现尽管原因较多,但是现有制衡结构未能给大股东的参与 52<WP=59>吉林大学硕士学位论文董事制衡机制研究提供相当的法律渠道,却无疑是公司法所难辞其咎的缺陷之所在。另一方面,对于中小股东而言,我国目前的学术与实践领域似乎是众口一词的抨击其投机性。的确,中小股东的投机性是与其较低的持股份额,以及相对较容易转换投资对象的灵活性相伴而生的,但是籍此而彻底否定其对公司事务的合理参与却未免过当。事实上,作为所有者,他们同样有监督制衡董事的需要,此外,必须看到目前在我国的公司——特别是大型的上市公司——中,股东的投资收益水平较低也无疑是加剧中小股东的投机倾向的一个重要因素。试问不能通过投资获得合理收益的股东,除了投机买卖还能如何。因此,我们同样应当为其参与提供适当的途径,以使他们能够通过对公司事务的参与,获得应有的报偿。只是在具体运作上,我们必须充分考虑到中小股东的投机特点,严格把握对其赋权的尺度,进行与大股东不同的参与方式设计,以期将其消极投机的弊端降至最低。第四部分重点在于论述完善监事会作用的法律机制设计。就我国目前的公司治理结构设计来看,尽管在具体设计上与大陆法系国家有所不同,但基本上是采用德日的双层制模式。近年来, 53<WP=60>吉林大学硕士学位论文董事制衡机制研究我国又开始在上市公司中尝试引入独立董事制度,以期解决监事会监督不力的现状。然而,建构双重的监督机关难免会有叠床架屋之弊,而且为保证双重机关的监督制衡作用不致因内耗而大幅减损,必然又要消耗大量的立法与司法资源予以规制。因此,与其重复建设,不如将选择何种机构设置方式的自由交给公司自主决定;或是借鉴独立董事制度的基本精神来改造监事会,将对独立董事制度的借鉴定位于完善公司监事会制度的基点之上。笔者较倾向于后一种选择,这是因为,虽然就目前形势来看,监事会制度并未发挥令人满意的作用,但其原因与其说是由于制度选择的失误,毋宁说是由于该制度在具体运行过程中偏离了理想的轨迹,进一步而言,我国公司中的监事会并不是严格按照二元制模式下的基本要求而构建的,其产生途径、监事素质、所拥有的职权等方面均有先天的瑕疵,因此,从现有的“监事会”失败现象,并不能必然地推导出“监事会制度”失效的结论。此外,我国现行的公司机构设置方式已在实行了相当一段时间,还是有一定实践基础的。笔者认为,通过改造,监事会还是能够发挥积极作用的。 54<WP=61>吉林大学硕士学位论文 董事制衡机制研究 鉴于保持理论体系的一贯性以及便于实践需要的双重要求,笔者试图探讨一种以完善既有公司机构为手段,实现公司中的监事会对董事层进行积极有益监督的目的的制度设计,同时,充分发挥股东作为所有者的积极性与监督制衡能量,实现
【Abstract】 Corporate governance is one of the pivotal issues of thecontemporary company system, which receive the attention from boththe academic and practice side. But as to the fundamental mission ofthe corporate governance, the problem is basically on how thedepartments in the corporation to control and balance the directors.The reason why the issue is important is that the director is on the topof the power pyramid of the corporation power system and the directoris the virtual controller of the company, whose behavior is directlyinfluence the future and destiny of the company. What’s more, controland balance the director is a complex problem which must resolve howto select the aspect of control and to what extent of control, so as tofulfill the double aims of corporate governance, that is, firstly, controlthe self-determination manner of the directors within the range of thecorporation’s objection and value system, make sure that the director’sbehavior is beneficial to the corporation and whose shareholder onboth the present and future benefit, secondly, adapting to the practicalneed of professional management, define reasonably the fields andways on controlling the director of the other department of thecorporation, lest bond the directors’vigor and enterpriser’s talent. Forthis reason, this thesis probe into this problem in four aspects. The first part analysis and evaluate two molds of check andbalance the directors: civil law country such as German and Japan aswell as Britain and the USA base on respective situation of country,constitute the control and balance system inside or outside of the 56<WP=63>吉林大学硕士学位论文 董事制衡机制研究directorate: the country such as German and Japan depend on theupper department, conservator, whose function is ensured by the upperlevel of power; while the country including the USA make full use ofit’s democratic tradition, and through the independent directors’effortwho are superiority in number. The second part involves primarily how to position the boarddirector and how to select the dependent force of check and balance. Ithink, the authority of director come from the electoral behavior ofshareholders and the construction characteristic of the company, so weshould seek dependent force from this two aspects. In addition, weshould regard the director as manager of the corporation on behalf thewhole company’s benefit. Therefore, he should suffer the check andbalance of the shareholder and supervisor meeting mainly. The third part emphasizes treatise shareholder checks andbalances the board director’s problem. We must be aware of thedifference of big and small shareholders, and then devise differentmeasures, that is, provide the small shareholder with participationapproach; regulate the participation manner of the big shareholder. On one hand, for the big shareholder Share good and bad luckwith the company benefits, and have the higher stability, so it is apower of checking and balancing board directors on which we candepend. However the current big shareholder (is a national shareholderprimarily) in our country is acted for by bureaucrat and the proprietorlacks a harassment for waiting the problem, so whose functiondeveloped in company business aren’t satisfactory, and usuallybetween not appropriate interfere with and idle about. Although the 57<WP=64>吉林大学硕士学位论文 董事制衡机制研究reason is various, the most important one is that the current checkingand balancing system failed to provide the big shareholder a properway to fulfill whose work. And this is the defect of current corporationlaw. On the other hand, the small shareholder’speculation is criticizedby the current academic and practical realms. Certainly, thespeculation of the small shareholder is inborn w
- 【网络出版投稿人】 吉林大学 【网络出版年期】2004年 04期
- 【分类号】D912.29
- 【被引频次】2
- 【下载频次】242