【作者】 田菲菲；

【导师】 高宝嘉；

【作者基本信息】 河北农业大学 ， 森林保护， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 日本龟蜡蚧(Ceroplastes japonicus)是危害枣树的重要害虫之一，常造成枣树树势衰弱，枣果产量降低，受害严重的枣林甚至连年绝收。而枣树是我国的特有树种，枣果又是重要的木本粮食，为生产绿色无公害的优质红枣，进行日本龟蜡蚧的生态调控机理研究具有重要的理论和实际意义。 选择了七种不同类型的枣林，对影响日本龟蜡蚧种群数量变化的昆虫群落和与其生存密切相关的枣树本身营养物质及次生代谢产物含量变化进行了研究。结果表明： 1 枣林节肢动物共有12目、70科、148种，就物种数而言，与农作物间作的各类型枣林物种数量多，单作枣林(未除杂草)和枣、杨树间作林物种数居中，单作枣林(除杂草)的物种数最少。 2 单作枣林中各月份日本龟蜡蚧的种群数量明显高于间作枣林；未除杂草的单作枣林害虫物种数量多于除杂草单作枣林；可见，间作物和杂草的存在能促进枣林节肢动物种群的建立，使群落物种数增加。 3 间作枣林中平原和丘陵交界处的枣、棉花间作林昆虫群落中害虫及天敌的物种多样性、均匀性高，优势度、优势集中性指数低；而平原地区其他类型枣林昆虫群落中害虫、天敌的物种多样性、均匀性低，优势度、优势集中性指数高。 4 七种不同类型样地从7月初至9月底日本龟蜡蚧种群数量呈逐渐减少态势，而天敌种群数量于7月下旬略有下降，然后至9月初基本持平，9月底又有回升现象。可见天敌对日本龟蜡蚧有一定的跟随作用，同时也说明日本龟蜡蚧并非是天敌的唯一食物来源。 5 不同类型枣林主要害虫、天敌的数量组成存在明显差异。环境异质性大的枣、棉花间作林害虫与天敌的比值最小(7.31：1)；环境异质性小的单作枣林，其比值最大(153.25：1)；这充分说明枣粮间作能改善昆虫的生存环境，增加天敌昆虫物种数及个体数，降低害虫、天敌比例，提高群落的相对稳定性。 6 枣林主要害虫、天敌的空间生态位研究结果表明，天敌昆虫红点唇瓢虫与日本龟蜡蚧的空间生态位重叠值(0.948500)比大草蛉与日本龟蜡蚧的空间生态位重叠值(0.888200)大0.060300；而红点唇瓢虫与大草蛉的空间生态位重叠值为0.799500，表明两物种间有较强的种间竞争和并发捕食作用。枣林主要害虫、天敌在不同样地的时间生态位宽度表明，日本龟蜡蚧在间作枣林中占有较大的时间资源，在单作枣林中占有的时间资源相对较小；用药与否对日本龟蜡蚧的时间生态位宽度影响不大。天敌昆虫中红点唇瓢虫在单作枣林，枣、棉花间作林和枣、杨树间作林中占有较宽的时间资源，而大草蛉在枣、荞麦间作林，枣、豆间作林和枣、花生间作林中占有较宽的时间资源。 7 通过对不同样地昆虫群落相似性进行聚类分析比较，结果发现枣、棉花间作样地昆虫群落属于单独成类，合并最晚，{单作枣林(已除杂草)和枣、杨树间作林}是在{枣、荞麦间作林，枣、豆间作林}和{枣、花生间作林}合并又与{单作枣林(未除杂草)}归类之后的特殊状态集；{枣、荞麦间作林，枣、豆间作林}和{枣、花生间作林、;{单作枣林‘未除杂草)、单作枣林(已除杂草)}和{枣、杨树间作林}有类似的发展趋势。8不同样地类型枣树皮营养物、次生代谢产物五个测定指标与日本龟蜡蚜发生危害程度间的关系表明:可溶性糖含量高，单宁、草酸、生物碱含量低，日本龟蜡盼发生危害严重;反之亦然。氨基酸含量高低与日本龟蜡蚁发生危害间关系不明显。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Japanese wax scale (C. japonicus ) was one of the important pests disserved the jujube trees, it could weaken the growth of the jujube trees, reduce the output of the jujube fruits, and even lead to no output in successive years in the severly wounded jujube woods. The jujube tree was an unique specie of our country, and its fruit was an important wooden foodstuff. In order to produce jujube fruits without pollution, it was important both in theoretic and practical aspects to study the biological controlling mechanism of the C. japonicus.Seven different types of the jujube woods were choosed to fulfill the research of the insect community which affected the individual number’s changement of the C. japonicus population, and the contents variation of the jujube tree’s own nutrition material and hypo-metabolizing production which were closely correlated to the survival of the C.japonicus.1. The arthropods in the jujube woods were comprised of twelve items^ seventy families > one hundred and forty-eight species. Concerning to the number of species, all the jujube woods intercropped with crops had the largest number; the pure jujube woods (without weed) and those intercropped with poplar trees had the medium number, the pure jujube woods (being weeded) had the smallest number.2. The quantities of the C. japonicus populations in the pure jujube woods were specially higher than those in the intercropped jujube woods in each month; the pure jujube woods without weed had the larger number of pest species than the weeded woods ; it was obvious that the existence of the intercrops and wild grasses could accelerate the establishment of arthropod populations in the jujube woods and increase the species number of the communities.3. Among the intercropped jujube woods, those which were intercropped with cottons and were located at the boundary area between the plain and the hill, had the insect communities (including pest and natural enemy) with the higher species diversity > evenness , lower dominant index and dominant concentration. However, other types of jujube woods located in the plain area, had the insect communities (including pest and natural enemy) with lower species diversity and evenness , higher dominant index and dominant concentration.4. From the beginning of Jul. to the end of Sep., the quantities of the C. japonicus population appeared a trend of gradual decrease. The quantities of natural enemy population slightly decreased at the last ten days of Jul., then the quantities were maintained at the same level till the beginning of Sep., and were raised again at the end of Sep. It indicated that the natural enemy had a following effect on the C.japonicus and at the same time, the C. japonicus was not the only food resource for the natural enemy.5. There were obvious differences of the main pest’s and natural enemy’s amount buildup among the different types of the jujube woods. In the jujube woods intercropped with cottons that had a higher environmental heterogeneity, the ratio of pest and natural enemy was the smallest (7. 31: 1); in the pure jujube woods with the smallest environmental heterogeneity, the ratio was the biggest (153. 25: 1), it was fully convinced that intercropping could improve the surviving environment for the insects, increase the species and individual number of the natural enemy insects, and decrease the ratio between pest and beneficial insects, promote the relative stability of the community.6. The spatial niche of the main pest and natural enemy in the jujube woods were being researched, the results showed that, the natural enemy Chilocorus Kuwayama Silvestri and the C. japonicus had a special niche overlapped index (0. 94850), and exceed the overlapped index (0. 88820) between the Chrysopa setempunctata Wesm and the C. japonicus by 0. 06030; But, the C. K. Silvestri and the C. setempunctata had a spatial niche overlapped index of 0. 79950. It proved that the tow species had a stronger competition and accompanied preying effect. The main pest’s and natural enemy更多还原