河北省难民问题及难民救济初探（1945-1949）

【作者】 侯艳兴；

【导师】 封汉章；

【作者基本信息】 河北师范大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 难民是一弱势群体。1945年至1949年，河北省难民众多。本文以此为研究对象，在对大量的档案和报刊等资料的爬梳的基础上，从社会史的角度，分析了河北省难民问题的基本概况，论述了河北省国民党政权和共产党政权的救济难民行政及其成效，比较了两种政权救济难民存在的差异性。 全文分四部分进行论述： 第一部分主要分析了河北省难民的基本状况。难民主要是由战争、灾荒、苛政和征兵引起的；其具有群体性、流动性、无助性和时代性等内在、外在特征；同时，这一时期的难民问题，政治性和人道性交织在一起，造成了难民问题的复杂性。 第二部分主要论述了河北省国民党政权的难民救济情况。河北省政府制定了一整套难民救济的政策，也设立了难民救济的机构，采取了难民救济的措施，取得了一定的成效。但是，河北省政府在救济难民的过程中制度层面与实践层面相脱节，中央救济与地方救济不协调，政府救济与民间救济缺乏良性互动。总的来说，河北省政府的难民救济是失败的。 第三部分主要阐述了河北省共产党政权的难民救济情况。首先，解放区政府十分重视还乡难民，制定了难民还乡政策；其次，对难民进行了精神和物质全面的救济。再次，解放区政府的难民救济取得了巨大的成绩：难民得到了适当的安置，解决了温饱问题，没有成为政府与人民群众的负担。要而言之，解放区政府的难民救济是成功的。 第四部分主要比较了两种政权进行难民救济的差异性。国民党政权和共产党政权在救济的方式、取得的效果、产生的影响等方面都有明显的不同。通过比较，我们可以从中吸取经验与教训，产生思考与启示。更多还原

【Abstract】 There are millions of refugees, who are the weak groups, in hebei province during 1945 to 1949. The thesis, from social history angle, analyses the belief account of refugees of hebei, narrates how the Communist Party and the Kuomintang took some measures to relieve refugees, and compares with the discrepancy on the base of analysis lots of files, newspapers and periodicals.The thesis can be divided into four parts: The first part is on the belief account of refugees of hebei. The cause of the appearance of refugees was due to war between the Communist Party and the Kuomintang, natural calamity or disasters, heavy taxes and levies and press-gang. In addition, the weak group has internal and external characteristic: helplessness, mobility and historic significance. In the same time, the association of political nature and humanitarianism gave rise to the complexity.The second part is on how the Kuomintang relieved refugees. The government of hebei made a great deal of policy, set up a few departments and took some measures which bought out positiveeffect in some degree. However, they had failed in refugee relief because of dispartment of the aspect of policy and practice, discord between central relief and local relief and wanting for friendly relations between government and society.The third part is on how the Communist Party relieved refugees. In the first place, the government of Liberated Area sang high significance on returned refugees and made a lot of policy on them. Secondly, the refugee relief consisted of spirit and material condition. Lastly, the government of Liberated Area made obvious progress including getting refugees resettled properly, dressed warmly and eaten their fill. Refugees had not become the burden to the government and people. In all, the government of Liberated Area succeeded in refugee relief.The fourth part is the of the difference of the refugees relief between the Communist Party and the Kuomintang. There are lots of difference in the way, effect and influence of relief between them. By comparison, we can not only benefit from their experience and take some lessons but also produce a little thought and be greatly enlightened.更多还原