“人的全面发展”理论——从马克思到当代中国第三代领导集体

【作者】 郑智辉；

【导师】 郑忆石；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 人的全面发展问题古老而常新，古今中外的许多思想家都曾关注和思考过。马克思和当代中国第三代中央领导集体便是其中的突出代表。从“现实的人”出发，以生产力的高度发展为前提、人的全面发展为归宿，他们的思考使“人的全面发展”理论奠定在科学的基础上。本文通过对马克思和当代中国第三代领导集体的“人的全面发展”理论的梳理，论述了各自的理论内容，分析了各自的理想与现实的指向，揭示了这两种理论的“源”“流”关系及其内在一致性。 全文分为三个部分： 第一部分，梳理并分析了马克思的“人的全面发展”的理论。从“现实的人”出发，马克思通过详细分析资本主义社会由于异化劳动而导致的人的片面、畸形的发展，提出了人的全面发展的问题。他认为，“人的全面发展”包括人的劳动能力、社会关系和个性的全面发展；“人的全面发展”经由“对人的依赖”到“对物的依赖”，再到“人的自由个性”三个不同又相联的阶段，是一个动态的发展过程；“人的全面发展”以生产力的高度发展和生产关系的变革为前提，靠生产劳动和教育的结合而实现。马克思“人的全面发展”理论的实质，在于共产主义社会的基本原则和人类未来的价值目标，这一理论充分体现出马克思主义的理论品质：唯物论与辩证法、科学性与人文性的有机统一。 第二部分，考察了当代中国第三代领导集体的“人的全面发展”理论。知识经济时代对主体提出的更高要求，以及我国社会发展需要与现实之间的矛盾，催生了当代中国第三代领导集体的这一理论。江泽民代表第三代领导集体指出，“人的全面发展”是“建设社会主义新社会的本质要求”；“人的全面发展”与社会发展是持续互动的过程，现阶段，应该从社会的经济、政治、文化、生态等各个方面不断地推进。当代中国第三代领导集体的“人的全面发展”理论是有中国特色社会主义实践的价值目标，这一理论充分体现出普遍真理与具体国情、历史必然性与历史选择性、最高纲领与最低纲领的结合和统一，因而具有鲜明的马克思主义理论特质。 第三部分，分析了马克思和当代中国第三代领导集体“人的全面发展”理论的“源”“流”关系。当代中国第三代领导集体的“人的全面发展”理论是对马克思“人的全面发展”理论的坚持:理论出发点上坚持从“现实的人”即当代中国社会主义现代化建设的主体出发;理论基础上坚持以解放和发展生产力、建设物质文明和精神文明为基础;理论本质上坚持反映世界和中国的现实和回应当代中国的实践要求;理论目的上坚持为建设社会主义、实现共产主义的实践提供指导;理论精神上坚持科学性与人文性的统一。当代中国第三代领导集体的“人的全面发展”理论又是对马克思“人的全面发展”理论的发展:理论重点上将其视作一切工作的着眼点和出发点;理论内容上将其作为中国社会主义现代化建设的重要理论提出并付诸实践，从人与社会的全面协调、持续发展的角度展开论述。因而，当代中国第三代领导集体的“人的全面发展”理论和马克思的“人的全面发展”理论，在内在本质上具有一致性。更多还原

【Abstract】 The issue of all-round development of human being is an old one and remain an issue, lots of thinkers at home and abroad have explored it. Marx and the third group leaders of CPC are the outstanding representatives among them. Proceeding from "practical person", taking the high development of productivity as premise, aiming at all-round development of human being, their thoughts make the theory of all-round development of human being have a scientific base. Discussing the ideas of Marx and the third group leaders of CPC respectively, this paper explores their contents, the points of ideality or reality, the relations of origin and development, and the inherent consistency between them.The paper has three parts.Part one explores Marx’s idea of all-round development of human being. Proceeding from "practical person", Marx put forward the issue of all-round development of human being by analyzing elaborately the man’s unilateral and malformed development, which is resulted from alienation labor in capitalist society. In his view, all-round development of human being contained the development of labor capacity, social connection and individuality. The process of all-round development of human being is a dynamic process including three phases depending on man, on goods and man’s free individuality. It takes high development of productivity and the transform of production relations as premise. It wouldn’t realize until production and education could be combined. The essence of Marx’s idea of all-round development of human being is the communistic principle and man’s intending value aim. At the same time, the theory incarnates adequately Marxist theoretical character: the organic unite of materialism and dialectic, the organic unite of scientism and humanism.Part two examines the theory of all-round development of human being of the third group leaders of CPC. The higher request to constructor brought forward in the era of knowledge economy and the contradiction between the social developmental needs and reality help to bring about the idea. Jiang Zemin, a representative of the third group leaders of CPC, points out that all-round development of human being reflects the essential request of building the new socialist society. The process of all-rounddevelopment of human being is a persistent and interactional process with social development. Nowadays it should be advanced constantly in economy, politics, culture and zoology. The theory of the third group leaders of CPC is the value aim of the socialist practice with Chinese characteristic. The theory incarnates adequately the unite of all-pervading truth and the concrete situation of CPC, of the uppermost creed and the lowermost one, so it takes on a lively Marxist theory character.Part three discusses the relations of the origin and development on the theory of all-round development of human being between Marx and the third group leaders of CPC. For the third group leaders of CPC, the idea adheres to Marx’s. Its starting point is "practical person", main body who build Chinese socialist modernization. Its theoretical basis is liberating and developing productivity, and building substantial and spiritual civilization. It keeps reflecting the reality of the world and responding to the Chinese social practice in theoretical essence. It aims at guiding the socialist construction and the efforts to actualize communism. It unites scientism and humanism in theoretical spirit. The idea of the third group leaders of CPC promotes Marx’s. All-round development of human being is regarded as the springboard for all work. As an important content of socialism modernization, it is positively put into effect to promote the all-round, harmonious and successive development between man and society. Therefore, the theory of all-round development of human being between Marx and the third group leaders of CPC has inherent consistency.更多还原