【作者】 魏勇刚；

【导师】 李红；

【作者基本信息】 西南师范大学 ， 发展与教育心理学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 抑制性控制（inhibitory control，IC）是指当个体追求一个认知表征目标时，用于抑制对无关刺激的反应的一种能力。有关执行功能（Executive Function,EF）与心理理论（Theory of Mind，ToM）的研究表明，二者在很多方面存在着相关。在对这些相关的多种解释中，认为二者存在有共同的心理成分这一观点比较盛行而且也较为合理。而抑制性控制就是二者都共有的一个心理成分。 很多研究者都努力尝试探讨执行功能与心理理论的相关机制。在这些研究中，研究者关注的最多是的个体差异因素导致的这两个心理结构之间的相关，而对诸如实验任务这类外在的因素却有所忽略。由于已有的研究几乎都是采用标准的执行功能和心理理论实验范式，因而任务难度比较大，难以避免由于实验任务的难度所引起的“天花板效应”而导致的相关。因此，有必要设计出具有难度差异的实验任务来进一步探讨二者之间的相关。 为此，本研究根据抑制性控制是执行功能与心理理论的共有心理成分这一理论基础，把抑制性控制的难度水平分为高、中、低三个等级，同时采用代表心理理论的三个错误信念任务A₁、A₂、A₃以及代表执行功能的三个白天／黑夜任务B₁、B₂、B₃与之对应，来探讨抑制性的难度水平在幼儿执行功能与心理理论的相关中的作用。 在实验一中，我们以48名4岁的幼儿为被试，采用单因素被试问设计，对具有三种难度水平的错误信念任务A₁、A₂、A₃以及三种白天／黑夜任务B₁、B₂、B₃的差异性进行探讨，从而对抑制性控制的难度水平的合理性进行验证。实验结果表明，本研究中对错误信念任务和白天/黑夜任务的抑制性控制的三种难度 洲匕月巨月卜.忆2侧肠月砚月七月卜勺七愉习忆:《州日目位纽电创在幼J‘自几甘，幼班J.嘴班斑愉的相共中的作用》“水平的划分是合理的，具有较好的区分度，可以用于进一步的相关研究。在实验一二中，本研究以33名3岁、45名4岁、35名5岁和27名6岁的幼儿为被试，运用实验一中的实验任务A，、AZ、A3和Bl、B公B3，采用3 x4混合实验设计（任务难度x年龄，其中任务难度为被试内设计，年龄为被试间设计），对心理理论的发展、执行功能的发展、以及二者的相关及其发展进行了探讨。本研究得出了如下结论::l抑制性控制是执行功能与心理理论共有的心理成分。 2.抑制性控制的难度水平对幼儿执行功能的发展起着重要影响。抑制性控制难度较大的执行功能的发展关键期在4岁左右;抑制性控制难度适中的执行功能的发展有两个关键期，4岁左右和5岁左右:抑制性控制难度较低的执行功能的发展关键期在3岁以前。 3.抑制性控制的难度水平对幼儿心理理论的发展起着重要影响。抑制性控制难度较大的心理理论的发展关键期在3荀岁之间不明显;抑制性控制难度适中的心理理论的发展关键期在4岁左右;抑制性控制难度较低的心理理论的发展关键期有两个，分别在4岁左右和5岁左右。 4.抑制性控制的难度水平是影响幼儿执行功能与心理理论之间的相关的一个重要因素。这主要体现在三个方面:（1）二者之间的相关程度会受抑制性控制的难度水平的影响;（2）二者之间的相关随着年龄发展变化的趋势会因为抑制性控制的难度水平而呈现出不同的特点，3、5、6岁时抑制性控制对二者的相关影响不大，4岁时的影响极其显著;（3）二者之间的相关会随着抑制性控制的难度水平而呈现出单调性递减或者单调性递增趋势。 5.执行功能与心理理论之间的相关，与幼儿在这两个心理结构上的神经机制与认知能力的发展不均衡有密切联系。当这两个心理结构所涉及的神经机制与认知能力发展一致时，二者就会存在显著的高相关;相反，二者之间的相关就不显著或者即使显著相关，但其程度很低。更多还原

【Abstract】 Inhibitory Control, IC, refers to an ability by which an individual inhibits his respond to an irrelevant stimulus when he pursues cognitive representations. The researches about Executive Function (EF) and Theory of Mind (ToM) suggest that the two are correlated in many aspects. Among the explanations to those correlations, the interpretation stating that EF and ToM have some shared components is prevalent and sounder. IC is such a shared component.Many researchers attempted to explore the mechanism of the correlations between EF and ToM. Among these researches, what has been mostly concerned by the researchers is the correlations of this two constructs resulting from individuals’ differences. However, some exteriors factors such as experiment tasks are often neglected by the previous researchers. Because existed researches has been carried out with the standard experimental tasks of EF and ToM, for the subjects the difficulty level if these tasks is too high and it is impossible to avoid the correlation resulting from the "floor effect" for its difficulty. Thus, it is necessary to develop some experiment tasks with appropriate difficulty levels to further investigate their correlation.Therefore, in this research, on the base of the hypothesis that IC is a shared component of EF and ToM, we divide the difficulty level of inhibitory control into three degree: high, medium, and low. To respond to these three degrees respectively, we adopt three types of False Belief tasks, A1, A2, A3 , which represent ToM, and three Day/Night tasks B1, B2, B3, which represent EF to investigate the role ofdifficulty levels of inhibitory control in the correlation of infants’ EF and ToM.In Experiment 1, we choose 48 4-year-olds as the subjects, use single factor and within subjects design, and investigate the disparities among tasks A1, A2, A3 and among tasks B1, B2, B3, to validate the rationality of dividing the difficulty level of inhibitory control into three degrees. The results suggest that the division of the difficulty level of inhibitory control in False Belief tasks and Day/Night tasks into three degrees are rational, and both tasks A1, A2, A3 and tasks B1, B2, B3 are significantly different, thus they can be used in the further research about the correlation of EF and ToM. In Experiment 2, to investigate the development of and the correlation and its development between EF and ToM, we adopt 33 3-year-olds, 45 4-year-olds, 35 5-year-olds and 27 6-year-olds as the subjects, and use tasks A1, A2, A3 and tasks B1, B2, B3 with the mixed experimental design of 3 x 4 (difficulty levels x ages, the former is within subjects designed and the latter is cross subjects designed) to cany out this experiment.The results of this research are as follows:1. Inhibitory control is the common component of EF and ToM.2. The difficulty levels of inhibitory control have a great influence on the development of infants’ EF. Generally speaking, the time about 4-year old is the key phase of the development of infants’ EF with the most difficult IC; the development of infants’ EF with the moderately difficult IC has two key phases, about the 4- and 5-year olds; and the key phase of infants’ EF with the lest difficult IC is before the 3-year old.3. The difficulty levels of inhibitory control have a great influence on the development of infants’ ToM. The key phase of the development of ToM with the most difficult IC is not obvious during 3 to 6 years old; the key phase of the development of ToM with moderately difficult IC is around 4-year old; and the development of ToM with the moderately difficult IC has two key phases, about the 4-and 5-year olds.4. The difficulty level of inhibitory control is an important factor which has a great influence on the correlation between EF and ToM. This is manifested in the following 3 aspects: (1) the correlation degree between these two constructs can be influenced by the difficulty levels of inhibitory control; (2) the development trend of their correlation with the development of ages can em更多还原