【作者】 石江年；

【导师】 魏争光；

【作者基本信息】 西北师范大学 ， 体育人文社会学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 敦煌，是中华民族古老文明的象征，是丝绸之路上中西文化交流的枢纽。华夏文明经由这里传向西方，西方文明也经由这里传入中原。正是这种地理环境上的独特性造就了敦煌灿烂的文化。敦煌壁画和文书跨越了近千年的历史，在精美的壁画和发黄的经卷中，我国古代体育文化的一些形态被栩栩如生地保存了下来。由于这些文献史料多产生于人民大众之手，又没有经过文人墨客的修改，所以它是研究中国古代特别是以敦煌为中心的西北地区体育文化的第一手资料。 本课题属于基础理论研究，主要通过敦煌壁画和文书中关于古代体育文化形态的描述，再结合敦煌及其邻近地区考古发掘中发现的简牍、岩画、墓砖画中相关的体育文化史料，来探讨敦煌壁画和经卷中刻画、描述的体育文化形态的渊源和内涵是什么?它的形成、发展、演变轨迹如何?研究结果表明： ① 地方因素是敦煌古代体育文化产生的历史依据。敦煌古代人民的生存环境和生产方式决定了体育文化的发展阶段和形态；宗教文化的昌盛，以及宗教教徒为了拉拢信徒，争取群众的支持，在寺院进行的各种体育文化娱乐活动，无意识中促进了体育文化的发展和嬗变；敦煌古代人民在抗击异族入侵，保家卫国、习武自卫的过程中，促成了军事武艺的勃兴；敦煌古代传统文化中流传下来的体育卫生、保健活动也是敦煌古代体育文化源流的一个组成部分。 ② 敦煌作为中原王朝统治的一个军事重镇，它的祖根在中原腹地，中原的物质文化、制度文化、精神文化在这里传播是情理之中的。这种影响表现在体育文化上主要就是文化精神上的皈依性和文化形态上的相似性。敦煌古代体育文化是在中国封建社会儒家思想的大环境中发展起来的，儒家伦理思想中的尊卑分明、长幼有序、寓教于乐的观念渗透于各种体育文化形态之中。严格来讲，它只是一种亚体育文化形态，还没有形成现代意义上的体育。 ③ 西域的幻术百戏、乐舞杂耍传入河西和中原之后，对汉民族含蓄典雅、温石江年:教煌壁西和文书中所反映的古代体育文化的派流及其及发展形态研究柔腼腆的娱乐风格产生了一定的冲击，为传统体育文化输入了一股强劲的艺术之风。西域舞蹈中的一些腾踏跳跃、旋转如风的舞蹈动作与武术器械的结合，演变出了“武舞”这种体育文化形态。今天，在河西地区的民间社火中，还可以看到“舞狮子”、“地蹦子”等此类具有西域风格的体育文化娱乐活动。 ④综观敦煌古代体育文化的发展、演变轨迹，早期的体育文化形态具有明显的西域风格和民族色彩，事功性极强，还没有完全从生产属性和宗教属性中剥离出来。越往后发展，民族色彩逐渐淡化，而世俗性和庶民性却愈加增强。表现在壁画和文书中就是画面中出现了世俗的舞蹈和平民大众弈棋以及儿童骑竹马等形象，而人物也不再以佛的面孔出现，宗教艺术逐渐让位于现实艺术。更多还原

【Abstract】 Supervisor: Professor Wei Zhengguang Author: Shi Jiangnian Dunhuang is the symbol of Chinese ancient civilization , and it is also the pivot that culture exchange between China and western . From here , China civilization spread western, and western civilization come to China . It is this special geographical conditions , that Dunhuang magnificent culture was trained. Dunhuang frescoes and document span several thousands historical stages of development , among the beautiful frescoes and classics , some physical culture formation was preserved . Because in this documents,many come from the broad masses , so it is the firsthand record that study China and north-west region of China which encircle Dunhuang .This article belong to basic theory research , main though describe about physical culture formation in the Dunhuang frescoes and document, combine wooden tablets , rock painting and tomb painting that has been founded in the archaeology of northwest region .This article probe into some questions , such as what is the physical culture source and intention in the Dunhuang frescoes and document ? What is it form, development and orbits ? example shows that :Firstly, locality factors were foundation that Dunhuang ancient physical culture bring about . The live environment and produce patterns of Dunhuang ancient peoples decided the development stage and formations of Dunhuang ancient physical culture .The prosperous of religion culture , and the activities which religion drawing masses , so they hold many exercise of physical culture . This activities accelerated development of physical culture unconsciously . In the process of resist the aggressors , Dunhuang peoples have to exercises Wugong , this promoted thrive of military Wushu . In addition to , some activities of physical health and health protection that had been had down were also the ingredient of Dunhuang ancient physical culture .Secondly, as an military garrison post that been dominated by central plains dynasty , The material culture , system culture and spirit culture of central plains come here are reasonable . So this affection were displayed in the physical culture formations, the result were culture spirit and culture formation similarly . The ancient physical culture of Dunhuang were formed in the environment of the Confucianism ideas, some idea of the Confucianism , such as honorable and humble .younger must respect older , in the course of playing including idea of education , all this concept have been borne with different physical culture formation. Strictly speaking, Dunhuang ancient physical culture only is an inferior culture pattern of physical.Thirdly , some acrobatics and dance with accompaniment of the Western Regions also affect physical culture patterns of Dunhuang . In contrast to the style of implicit of the Han nationality , the Western Regions physical culture is very powerful . For example , many dance with accompaniment including some movement, such as jump and spin . And this action combine with apparatus of Wushu , then , the new form of physical culture come out . Up to now , in the popular which western of China ,we may can found this culture pattern amusement of lion dance and yangge .Take a sweeping view of the locus which Dunhuang ancient physical culture form , development and evolve . In the early stage , physical culture of Dunhuang frescoes imbued thick attribute of produce .Many physical activity didn’ t depart from the productive labor and religion action .But in the process of development ,the color of nation gradually becoming desalinate , the quality of common and multitude becoming strengthen . The figure come out of common people play weiqi , and children ride bamboo horse . The image didn’ t emerge of Buddha, the art of religion gradually gave way to art of reality .更多还原