【作者】 唐阵武；

【导师】 杨学春； 王正银；

【作者基本信息】 西南农业大学 ， 环境工程， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 蔬菜是人们日常生活中必不可少的重要副食品。随着工农业发展，环境污染突出，我国蔬菜产区面临着严重的环境压力，蔬菜质量与产量下降，人类健康受到挑战。大力发展无公害蔬菜生产受到重视。三峡库区属于经济落后、生态环境破坏严重以及人口密集的区域，发展特色生态经济是一种必然选择。茎瘤芥是三峡库区特色蔬菜之一，研究无公害茎瘤芥生产对于发展榨菜产业和库区经济具有重要的意义。 茎瘤芥的研究工作不多，且较多涉及产量和营养品质，健康品质研究甚少，特别是针对三峡库区特殊生态系统研究环境条件和肥料组合对茎瘤芥综合品质的影响则更少。本文以茎瘤芥生产的代表区域——涪陵南沱镇为例，对灌溉水和土壤以及茎瘤芥质量进行调查，分析了水土环境对茎瘤芥质量的影响，采用田间试验的方法研究了两种茎瘤芥专用肥和不同肥料（尿素、磷酸一铵、过磷酸钙、钙镁磷肥、氯化钾、硫酸钾）组合对茎瘤芥生长、产量、营养品质和卫生品质的影响。 环境调查结果表明，该区域灌溉水水质整体较好，平均污染指数大多小于0.5，基本属于清洁或尚清洁水平。南沱镇茎瘤芥土壤基本肥力尚可，微量元素有效态含量整体较丰富，但土壤中量元素含量较低，2/3缺镁，70％以上缺硫。土壤基本没受到汞、铬污染，污染等级整体较低；但镉含量较高，平均为0.531mg.kg^-1：土壤基本养分、微量元素含量与重金属含量有一定的相关性。 以重庆茎瘤芥（平均值）、大白菜、莴笋为参照，选用水分、Vc、可溶性糖、氨基酸、粗蛋白、全磷、全钾为基本营养品质指标，铁、锰、铜、锌、钙、镁、硫为中微量元素指标，对茎瘤芥茎质量进行评价。结果表明该区域茎瘤芥茎基本营养品质较茎瘤芥平均营养品质好，各基本营养指标也整体优于莴笋，磷钾含量高于大白菜；茎锰、铁、镁含量较高，钙、铜、锌含量较低。茎中硝酸盐含量均较低，73.3％属于一级，26.7％属于中等。茎中汞、砷、镉和铅含量较低；铬平均为0.39 mg.kg^-1，属于警戒水平。茎对重金属富集能力为镉＞汞＞铬＞铅＞砷。 早地和水田、净作与套作对茎瘤芥茎质量影响较大。生态环境因子与茎瘤芥茎质量相关性分析表明，灌溉水对茎品质影响整体上不明显，只有水体有机污染与铜对茎瘤芥茎基本品质，水pH和氟化物、砷对茎瘤芥重金属含量有一定的影响；土壤理化性质与茎营养品质关系密切，逐步回归分析表明茎钾含量决定于土壤钾与土壤氮，土壤钾贡献率高达0.429：茎中磷含量决定于土壤磷（贡献率为0.508）。茎有害物质含量与土壤性质相关性不明显，仅茎中铬与土壤镉呈显著负相关（r=—0.516^*）。从茎重金属富集系数分析结果，茎瘤芥茎重金属主要来源于土壤。 以小叶芥菜、小口白菜和莴笋叶作为参照，对茎瘤芥叶营养品质进行评价，结果表明除了磷、钾、锌含量略低外，其它养分较丰富。主成分分析表明，影响茎瘤芥叶质量的营养指标以硫权重最大（0.099），镁权重最小（0.080）。叶中铬和铅含量较高，已进入警戒水平；其 西南农业大学硕士学位论文 巨旦旦里旦旦里里里里里旦里旦口里里旦里绝口绝里绝旦巴照绝纽里口巴里旦口里旦绝里旦里里里口里里旦里里里里里旦里里绝里里里旦里里旦绝巴里巨里里里巨里里里里里里里里里里巴它重金属含量较低，属于安全级以上。叶重金属主要来源于土壤，但汞来源于土壤之外的污染源。茎瘤芥叶对重金属富集能力为福>汞>铅>铬>砷。 土壤基本肥力与叶营养品质具有较好相关性。不同土地利用类型对茎瘤芥叶富集重金属有较大影响，整体趋势为套作大于净作，早地大于水田。土壤理化性质对叶重金属含量的影响整体不明显。 茎瘤芥叶中、微量元素含量整体上大于茎，尤是钙、镁、铁、锰差异明显;灌溉水和土壤理化性质对茎瘤芥氮、磷和硫茎叶分布影响不明显，但对其它营养元素茎叶分布影响较大。茎瘤芥重金属茎叶比各样品差异较大，其与土壤性质和灌溉水有一定相关性，锡、铅分布回归方程均达到极显著性（RZ=0.693**，RZ= 0.580**）。 不同肥料组合对茎瘤芥产量影响田间试验研究结果表明，肥料组合显著影响茎瘤芥生长和产量，各处理中有机无机型专用肥I增产效果最佳，其次为无机型专用肥n;钙镁磷氯钾处理显著减产（茎减产56.5%，叶减产31.6%）;其余不同磷钾肥组合的施肥处理产量差异不显著。 田间试验肥料组合各处理对茎瘤芥营养品质影响较大，钙镁磷氯钾和专用肥I处理对茎瘤芥茎营养品质以增加作用为主，其余处理以降低为主。钙镁磷氯钾处理增加叶片中微量元素含量，其余处理在收获期也以增加为主。除钙镁磷氯钾处理外，其余处理均较好的调节了叶片养分含量。茎瘤芥茎营养品质专用肥I处理优于专用肥n，叶营养品质则相反:2个专用肥比较，专用肥I处理更有利于茎中营养成分的分布。磷按硫钾处理茎基本营养品质优于普钙硫钾，但普钙硫钾处理茎瘤芥中、微量元素较丰富且分布更合理.不同生长期普钙硫钾和普钙氯钾处理茎瘤芥茎营养品质差异明显，以普钙氯钾处理较优。 肥料组合对大田茎瘤芥有害物质含量的影响不同，两种专用肥能明更多还原

【Abstract】 Vegetable is necessary for people because of its supplementary nutrition. With the development of agriculture and industry and the increasing appearance of environmental issue, more heavily pollution has threatened to vegetable base in our country. And this has done harm to quality and has reduced the yield of vegetable. Evenly, more and more contaminates have challenged people’s health. For this, more attentions have been paid to vegetable pollution for its negative effect and production of contaminated-free vegetable was attained importance to.Three-gorges area, located in poor and dense-population region of China, has tender-balance environment. For this, ecological-economy is the only way to development for the area. As one of particular varieties of vegetable in Three-gorges area, studies on contaminated-free Tumorous stem mustard are necessary to economy and health.In the past, there were few studies on Tumorous stem mustard except for some in the yield and nutrition content. Further, much few attentions had been paid to comprehensive quality and health, and the few and far between in it aimed at the effects from the fertilization and environment to Three-gorges area. Consequently, a comprehensive study is indispensable to Tumorous stem mustard.In this paper, based on all-round investigation on the irrigated water, soil and Tumorous stem mustard in Nantuo in Fuling city, a representative Tumorous stem mustard base, we comprehensively and systematically compared the effects on vegetable by environment. Also, with the filed experimentation, we further studied the laws and affecting from the fertilization, explored the effects from the organic-inorganic specialty fertilizer I and inorganic specialty fertilizer II to different treatments in the growing, yield, quality of nutrition and health, which include of the combination of carbamide, monoammonium phosphate (MAP), single superphosphate (SSP), fused calcium magnesium phosphate (FCMP), sulfate of potash (SOP) and muriate of potash (MOP) in the same nutrition content of total N, P and K.By the average-pollution-index less than 0.5 wholly, results on investigation showed that the water was on cleanly and better cleanly level in Nantuo wholly. Furthermore, some conclusion on soil was drawn from research synthetically. With abundant microelement nutrient in soil, it also showed that poon supplement in nutrient substance of Ca, Mg and S, especially, the 2/3 lack of Mg and the 70 percent lack of S. Another, the results showed that low content of Hg and Cr in soil and the soil was in good condition wholly, while high content of Cd (0.531mg.kg-1). In the soil, there were no distinct relations between basic nutrient substance, microelement and content of heavymetals in the area.With the basic quality’s indexes of the nutrition content of water, Vc, soluble sugar, amino acid, whole protein, total phosphorus, total kalium and the indexes of microelement nutrient substance of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ca, Mg and S, comprehensively comparisons with the generic Tumorous stem mustard, Chinese cabbage and stem of luttuce was did in this paper. It showed that the quality of stem was better than the average quality of it in Chongqing. And, by the indexes of nutrient substance, it was also showed that it was better than luttuce and Chinese cabbage in P and K. The content of Mn, Fe and Mg in stem was abundant, while the content of Ca, Cu and Zn was lower. The content of nitrate was wholly lower in stem, which 73.3 percent belonged to good level and 26.7 percent to common. The content of heavy metals was wholly lower such as Hg, As, Cd and Pb, while the average content of Cr was in more dangerous level (0.39 mg.kg-1). The investigation also showed that different capability of heavy metals accumulation was in stem. The distinction was Cd>Hg>Cr>Pb>As.Respectively, the different qualities on stem were showed with the diverse ways of using soil in this study. There had no distinct effects on stem from the qualities of environment wholly. Nevertheless, the content of organ更多还原