明代洪武时期国子监研究

【作者】 段建军；

【导师】 颜广文；

【作者基本信息】 华南师范大学 ， 中国古代史， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 通过元末农民战争建立起明王朝的朱元璋，为了实现朱明王朝的长治久安、江山永固，将教育作为基本国策纳入其建国治国方略之中。作为最高学府的国子监受到朱元璋的特别重视。他将国子监的办学宗旨定位于“育才”与“教化”。为了使国子监充分实现其“育才”与“教化”的功能，朱元璋为国子监构建了一套较为完整、实用的教育制度。这套教育制度分为内外两个系统。外部系统由朱元璋的办学思想、育才观构成。朱元璋的办学思想根源于其文治思想。其育才观是一种“实才”观，具有朴素的辨证思想。他的这些教育思想是经过深思熟虑后的产物，这一特征在国子监的创建过程中得到了充分的体现。内部系统由监生管理、教官管理、教学管理、出职制度构成。监生管理是从“招生”这个环节开始的，内涵丰富，具有全面、具体、严格的特点。学官管理被纳入了国家职官管理体系。教学管理是国子监教育管理的核心与内容，教学制度的合理与否，直接影响到国子监教育目标的实现。朱元璋亲自为国子监制定课程科目，对监生的学业管理实行升级与学分相结合的管理办法，并创立了监生历事制度。监生出职是国子监教育的最后一环，出职状况的好坏是决定国子监教育地位与状况的基础性因素。朱元璋采取务实的态度，为监生出职确定了两种方式：以资格循次出职、不次擢用。从而，形成了洪武时期独特而实用的国子监生出职制度。总之，正是在朱元璋的亲力亲为下，洪武时期成为了明代国子监教育史上最成功、最辉煌的时期。更多还原

【Abstract】 For Ming’s eternal rule , Zhu Yuanzhang , who set up the Ming Dynasty with the Peasants’ War in the end of Yuan Dynasty, brought education into line with the state strategies as the prime national policy. As the supreme school institution, the Imperial College was thought highly of by Zhu Yuanzhang, whose guides were orientated towards instruction and civilization. In order to make the Imperial College fully achieve its functions, Zhu established a set of complete and practical educational institutions, which was divided into two departments: Inner System and Outer System.The Outer was composed of Zhu’s principles of running and instructing. His running principle was rooted by his civil thoughts, which was, in fact ,one of actual ability with a rough dialectical ideal. They were the products of careful consideration, which were fully characterized in the course of building the Imperial College.The Inner was made up by Administration of the Imperial College Students Instructors Administration Teaching Administration and Appointment Institutions. Administration of the Imperial College Students began from enrollment, a link of rich intention, which was characterized by comprehensiveness concretenessstrictness. Instructors Administration was put into the national officers systems. Teaching Administration was the core and content of the Educational Administration of the Imperial College, which whether or not the educational system was reasonable direct influenced on the accomplishment of educational targets. Zhu Yuanzhang himself regulated the courses for it, and carried out the administrative methods combined upgrade with credit, building an experienced regulation for the Imperial College Students. The Appointment Institutions was the last link of the education of the Imperial College. Whether the appointing conditions were good or not was the basic factors which decided the place and circumstance of education of the Imperial College. Zhu tried to be practical and fixed two ways for it: an appointment by qualification and a free elevation, which formed a special and applied appointment institution of the Imperial College in Hongwu Times, In conclusion, it was what Zhu Yuanzhang did himself that made the Hongwei Times become the most successive and magnificent period in Ming’s Imperial College Educational history.更多还原