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美国对耶路撒冷政策

【作者】 孔颖

【导师】 王京烈;

【作者基本信息】 中国社会科学院研究生院 , 国际政治, 2003, 硕士

【摘要】 尽管时间已经将我们带入了二十一世纪,但是历史不能忘记。二十世纪留给我们的,不但有政治经济的全球化、科学技术的突飞猛进、人类文明的进一步发展,也有地区格局的动荡不安、民族宗教的激烈冲突、以及焦点问题的复杂多变。这些方面长久以来都是学术界研究和探讨的重要问题。 中东地区局势的发展长期以来处于扑朔迷离的状态,一直是世界关注的焦点问题。本文主要从中东地区热点问题之一——耶路撒冷问题入手,阐述了巴勒斯坦地区的历史、耶路撒冷问题的由来、以及美国对耶路撒冷政策。 文章主要分为三个部分。 第一部分,耶路撒冷问题的由来。 主要包括:巴勒斯坦地区的历史——从公元前迦南人定居直到现在巴勒斯坦地区的格局:耶路撒冷的历史——犹太教、基督教和伊斯兰教先后将此地视为圣地;各方对耶路撒冷的宗教要求——巴以耶路撒冷主权之争、约旦和巴勒斯坦对耶路撒冷宗教主权之争以及中东其它国家对耶路撒冷的要求。 第二部分,以二战后美国历届政府任期为时间线索,论述了美国耶路撒冷政策。 杜鲁门执政时期,美国政府支持联合国的分治决议,但是国会提出以托管代替分治。国会的提议失败后,美国政府并没有进一步采取措施实行分治计划,只是提出“耶路撒冷国际化”;随后在艾森豪威尔、肯尼迪和约翰逊等总统的任期内,美国政府拒绝承认耶路撒冷的分裂,认为该城市应该保持统一;1969年尼克松上台后,第一次公开承认东耶路撒冷为“被占领土”,福特政府基本上延续了他的政策;而卡特政府在1977年开始执政时又转向了“耶路撒冷国际化”的政策;1980年入主白宫的里根在其八年任期内与以色列保持了非常密切的关系,强调耶路撒冷应该保持其完整性;随后的布什政府又转变了政策,首次公开支持联合国对东耶路撒冷的定义——它是被占的巴勒斯坦人的领土;1993年克林顿上台后,承认耶路撒冷是以色列的首都,强调该城市的完整性;现任小布什政府尽管同意了国会提出的将使馆迁到西耶路撒冷的建议,但是为了避免巴以冲突进一步扩大和升级,并没有进一步的行动。由此,我们可以看到,美国的耶路撒冷政策不具有连续性,而具有摇摆性,有时甚至是前后矛盾的。 第三部分,影响美国耶路撒冷政策的因素。 美国对耶路撒冷政策与美国国家利益密切相关。影响其政策的因素主要包括:美国在中东地区地缘战略利益,包括地缘利益、确保以色列的安全和石油利益;犹太院外集团以及犹太政治精英对美国政府的影响力不可小觑;阿拉伯国家对美国的影响逊于以色列,但是美国出于石油等经济利益的考虑,也在一定程度上受到了阿拉伯国家的牵制;伊斯兰教,尤其是伊斯兰复兴浪潮与西方国家的冲突等诸多因素。 文章结论部分总结和归纳了全文的重点部分和基本观点,就耶路撒冷地位的前景问题提出了一些想法,也许考虑得不够成熟和全面,但确实是我在论文写作过程中觉得值得一提的观点。当然,也有待于时间的验证。

【Abstract】 We have entered the 21st century, but we cannot forget all of the history especially 20th century. The human being had enjoyed the global economy, the development of technology, and the advancement of civilization. They also had suffered two world wars and the religion conflicts and other contends. These latter aspects attract world’s attention and they are always issues worth to be studied.The situation of the Middle East area is always complicated and confusing. It had beenstudied for many years. I choose one of the focus issues--Jerusalem to be the content of mypaper, and the topic is Jerusalem in America’s foreign policy.Three parts compose the paper.First part: the history of Jerusalem.This section includes: the history of Palestine; the history of Jerusalem; and the countries or the organization in Middle East region has religion demands of this holy city.Second part: America’s foreign Policy on Jerusalem.I dissertate Jerusalem in US foreign Policy according to the president’s incumbency.The Harry S. Truman administration endorsed the territorial internationalization of Jerusalem as an integral feature of the UN partition plan for Palestine. And Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson rejected to admit the partition of Jerusalem. In 1969, with the entry into office of Richard M. Nixon administration, the policy was radically altered, and the United States, for the first time, pronounced east Jerusalem occupied territory. Jimmy Carter supported the policy of internationalization. President Reagan refrained from labeling east Jerusalem as occupied territory, he insisted Jerusalem should not be divided. The changing of President Bush was, for the first time ever, prepared to endorse UN resolutions declaring east Jerusalem "occupied Palestinian territory ". In 1993, when President Clinton was sworn into office, he emphasized that Jerusalem ought to remain an undivided city. From 2000, George W. Bush had admitted to move the American embassy to west Jerusalem, but he did not operate this plan.From all of that, we could find that America’s Jerusalem policy is not continuity, but possessing features of sway or contradiction sometimes.Third part: The factors affect the American policy on Jerusalem.The American policy on Jerusalem is related to the state interests. The factors that affect the American policy are the following: America interests in Middle East area; the Jewish Lobby effect; Arab countries also affect American policy.ConclusionThe status of Jerusalem is the key issue in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. Jewish effect is one of the most important factors to affect the America’s policy. America will continually to stand on the side of Israel in its future policy. The future of Jerusalem remains to be observed.

  • 【分类号】D871.2
  • 【被引频次】7
  • 【下载频次】570
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