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生态危机的人文文化研究

【作者】 陈永力

【导师】 张富国;

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 , 科学技术哲学, 2003, 硕士

【摘要】 生态危机的出现具有一定的历史必然性,与人类的生存方式密切相关。人既以自然为存在对象,也以他人为生活对象。人在与自然对象的交往中,形成了人类中心的观念。这种观念随着科学技术的发展,人类力量的强大,最终导致了人类中心主义的产生。人类中心主义表现在实践上就是极力利用自然资源满足人的需求。因此,尽管人的这一实践具有合人的目的性,但是,人以自然为生存环境,依靠、利用自然资源的生活本身却带有反自然的性质,过分地强调了以人自己的尺度来改造自然。人在与他人对象的交往中,形成了自我中心主义的观念。在这种自我中心主义观念的支配下,人陷入“囚徒困境”之中,置人类共同的、长远的利益于不顾,争相开采自然资源,过度利用自然资源。人类中心主义和自我中心主义虽然相互区别,但它们并非孤立地存在着,而是相互联系、相互激发。两者都是导致生态危机的重要原因。 人类特定的存在状态和生活方式产生相应的文化。人在工业时代的生存方式是以人类中心主义和自我中心主义为主要特征的存在方式,工业时代的文化深深地打上了人类中心主义和自我中心主义的印记。文化是人的生活的产物,它一旦生成,又影响、指导和制约着人的社会生活。价值观是文化的内核。从工业时代文化的内核即价值观的角度探索生态危机的根源是一种研究生态危机问题的新的视角。工业时代人们对发展、自然、消费和科技的看法都是工业时代价值观的重要体现,受工业时代价值观的支配。 在工业时代,人们把发展等同于经济的增长,特别是经济的外延型的增长即经济总量的扩张,认为只要经济发展到一定程度,人类社会面临的其他问题就会自然而然地得到解决,而且认为经济的增长是无限的,人类发展的道路具有唯一性,即西方化的发展道路。实际上,这种观点把内涵丰富的发展简化为单纯的经济发展,又把经济发展认为是国民生产总值(GNP)的增加,因而是一种经济粗放发展的价值观。工业时代的价值观认为自然存在的唯一价值在于为人类社会发展提供无尽的资源,因而人对自然的征服和统治具有天然的合理性。人与自然形成对立的关系。在工业时代,人类消费的丰富性被扭曲了,消费被简化为物质消费,人的精神需求被忽视。工业时代的科技观的首要特征是科技崇拜,认为科学技术是一种万能的工具,人类借助于科学技术能够实现无限的可能性。这些观念导致了人与自然、人与人之间的对立,经济增长、自然·、消费和科学技术都成了危害人类社会健康发展的对立的力量,最终导致了生态危机的发生。 生态危机的解决实质上就是人与自然的矛盾以及人与人的矛盾的解决。既然工业时代的文化,尤其是工业时代的价值观是导致生态危机的重要根源,我们就有必要从人文的角度去思考生态危机产生的原因,制定解决生态危机的原则和措施。解决生态危机应遵循人与自然和谐共生的生态持续性和人与人共同发展的公平性等原则。在实践中,解决生态危机,必须从价值观、制度和技术三个层面,确保生态破坏行为不再发生,甚至恢复受损的生态环境。树立现代生态价值观,取代工业时代的价值观,促进自然、经济和社会的健康和谐发展。因为存在市场失灵和政府失灵,必须制定有效遏制生态破坏行为的制度。为了有效地解决生态危机,还要发展新的技术体系,包括“绿色技术”和含有生态价值在内的衡量发展的指标体系和国民经济核算体系。

【Abstract】 Biological crisis is one of the most serious challenges facing human. It is doomed to happen because of the human living model at the age of industrial age. Human lives under the condition that he exploits natural resources and communicates with others. Human life has been different at the industrial age with in the past age. Human has freed from the control of nature and defeated it and become its master. The modern time human life has produced the human-oriented and individual-oriented culture. That is to say, human deals with nature under human-oriented perspective and persons do with others under individual-oriented perspective. It is clear that the modern culture is the main reason of biological crisis. We must change the culture of industrial age in order to tackle biological crisis and realize the sustainable development. Value view is the corn of culture. So we can see through the biological crisis and find a way to solve it under the value view of industrial age.Modern human considers development as economic increasing. People hold the view that all the problems facing human will disappear naturally when GDP increases to some degree and that economy can rise without limit. Economy develops on the base of natural resources. They also think that nature can provide plentiful resources for human and nature has no any value other than that of its resources. People of the industrial age see holding more material and consuming it as the only way to happiness. So the human mental life is ignored. Science and technology is more than just a tool, but it has become just an effective tool in the age of industry. People admire science and technology and think that they can resolve any problem under the help of it. The modern human’s attitudestowards development, nature, consuming and science and technology has lead to biological crisis.In fact, human must get on well with nature and persons do on well with others in order to tackle biological crisis. We know that industrial age culture, especially its value view is the main reason of biological crisis. So it is necessary that we replace the culture with a new one which is characterized by harmony between human and nature and between persons and persons. We should develop economy on the base of healthy biological system. Besides, we also should have new principle and environmentally sound technology in order to resolve biological crisis.

【关键词】 生态危机人文价值观
【Key words】 biological crisishumanityidea of value
  • 【分类号】X171
  • 【被引频次】1
  • 【下载频次】338
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