【作者】 李益顺；

【导师】 郭汉民；

【作者基本信息】 湖南师范大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 孙中山不是神，而是人，一个内心丰富、错综复杂的人。要走近孙中山，就必须研究他独特的个性(即人格)，因为个性反映出人的整个精神面貌，是他的外在表现，更是他“真实的自我”。历史学研究最根本的任务“不仅是单纯对过去的复述，而是对过去的复活”，他们“最困难之处就在于反映人的本质”(卡尔语)，这种“复活”是在他们心灵之中复活着过去的那个“自我”，其最为基本的途径便是去理解“自我”的个性。 孙中山的个性结构是多层次、多侧面的，是由复杂的心理特征的综合构成的整体。具体由个性倾向性和个性心理特征两部分组成，而个性倾向性又包括需要、动机、兴趣、理想、信念和世界观等六种成分，是孙行为活动的动力系统，也是个性心理结构中最为活跃的因素，决定着他活动对象的选择和对外态度的形成。他一直在不断地追求与探索，以便获得各种需要的满足，并转化成其行为的内部动力，同时也获得高峰体验，自我实现的需要是他一生的终极目标，从而把自己陶铸成一个“健康的人”。孙的成就动机是很强大的，并相应转化成他人格中非常稳定的特质，产生一种持久的内驱力。早期孙的兴趣是很广泛的，并实现了物质兴趣到精神兴趣、直接兴趣到间接兴趣的转移，进而形成一种稳定而健康的爱好。 集中反映个体面貌的独特性(心理特征)是孙的个性心理特征，包括气质、性格与能力。这些心理特征形成较早，并受生理因素的影响，构成个性结构中相对稳定的成分。孙的气质是先天性的(即由生理机制所决定的)，他的气质类型是胆汁质与多血质的混合类型，其高级神经活动类型是强而不平衡型。这些都是影响他社会择业与人际交往的关键性因素。性格是人格稳定性、一贯性的特征，孙的性格特征主要表现为态度特征、意志特征、情绪特征和理智特征四个方面，而态度特征和意志特征又直接反映了他的价值观，也最为重要。同时他的性格也具有个别差异性，并未成型。早期孙中山的能力结构是较复杂的，而且也是难以鉴定的。它主要包括一般能力(智力)和特殊能力，其中他的智力又是表现在他综合的认知方面的个性心理特征，是比较高的，这缘于他良好的生理素质，加之后天社会实践活动的训练和培养而形成起来的。孙的特殊能力则表现在他杰出的语言表达能力和人际交往能力上。 早期孙中山正处于个性形成的黄金季节。影响他个性形成的因素是多方面的，包括地理遗传因素、家庭教育、教会教育、异质文化、基督精神和青少年时代的团体行为等等。这些因素的影响是有差异的，但又是不可忽视的。简而言之，他的个性是家庭、学校和社会教育三种合力的产物。 早期孙中山的个性心理特征对他产生的影响是极其深远的，本文专拟从他的目标选择与社会角色承担来剖析其个性心理所产生的影响与作用。可以肯定的是，他之所以能在留学生界与华侨社会得到广泛的认同，并被首推为领袖，并一步步登上近代历史舞台，其内在根由在于他伟大而独特的人格魅力。正如史扶邻所说:“孙的性格是其赢得支持的主要原因。” ，值得斟酌的是，孙并非是一个天生的革命家或政治天才，他也是一个出身农家、早知稼稽之辛的凡人。他的不同之处在于他的西式教育、口岸居民和海外生活，进而造就成一种稳定的权威人格。况且孙的个性中也有一些消极因素，并非完人，这些在他的人际交往和革命生涯中都得到凸显。从某种程度上，给革命带来了一些消极影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 Sun Yat-sen wasn’t a god, but a person of an abundant and complicated heart. If you wanted to understand him, you must study his special individuality(personality) for it reflected all of his spiritual attitudes, external expression and real ego. The most basic task to a historical researcher wasn’t only simply to renarrate the past, but also to revive it whose difficulties were to reflect the personal nature(E.H.Carl said), namely the disappeared ego in his own heart by comprehending his personality.The structure of his individuality was overlapping and many-sided and a whole of the especial integration of some complex psychological characteristics, concretely, of two factors such as the tendentiousness and the psychological characteristics of his personality. The first one, included demand, motive,interest, ideal, faith and world outlook, was the motive power system of his actions and the most lively factor and decided to choose his behaviour object and form the attitude to the outside world. He pursued and researched successively in order to meet his demands and turn into innermotive power and obstain some peak-experience. Self-actualization need was his ultimate aim. His achievement motive was so strong that it became a very stable trait and produced a stamina and his interest also broad changed from material one into spiritual one, from direct one into indirect one and built a steady and healthy hobby.His personality psychological characteristics, concentrated to reflect his spiritual distinctivity, included temperament, character and ability, was influenced by some physiological causes and became a relatively stable ingredient in his personality structure. His temperament was congential, its type a mixed one including the choler one and the polycythemia one, the type of his high nerve actions the strong and inequality one. All of those were the crucial factors influencing his profession and intercourse. His character, the stable and lasting trait, importantly embodied at hisattitude, will, emotion and intellect and his attitude and intellect directly reflected his value outlook and were the most important of it. At the same time, his character was of individual difference, not integrated. The structure of his aility was so complicated that it couldn’t be appraised, including common ones(intelligence)and special ones. The first ones refleted some personality psychological characteristics of the comprehensive cognition and was high level as his good physiological quality and training, the second ones such as his outstanding eloquence and social intercourse one too.The early period(1866-1895)was the gold season to form his personality connecting with many factors such as geographical and inherent ones, family education, parochial education, heterogeneous culture, Christ’s spirits and group behavior. Those effects were different but not be neglected. In a word, his personality was the product of three powers of his family, the school and the social.I try to analyse the effects of his personality psychology at his objects-chosen and social roles-born. Affirmably he could be indemnified by some returned students and overseas Chinese, elected the leader of the democratic revolution on account of his great personality charm. "In my opinion, the chief cause of which Sun Yat-Sen was supported was his character", Harold Z. Schifirin said.Mr. Sun wasn’t born a revolutionist or a genius for politics, but a common one from the cold-door. The differences(his occidental education, seaport inhibtant and overseas life) made a stable authoritarian personality. However there were some negative factors which to be found in his social intercourse and revolutionary career and to take some disadvantageous effects. In short, he wasn’t a sage, but true to life.更多还原