中国妇女参政的历史进程和当代转折

【作者】 孙建娥；

【导师】 谢俊贵；

【作者基本信息】 湖南师范大学 ， 科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动， 2001， 硕士

【摘要】 妇女参政是指妇女参与国家和社会事务的管理。它表现为两个层面：一是指妇女享有参与国家政治生活的权利，即享有公民的选举权与被选举权，这是妇女参政的基础层面；二是指妇女担任各级领导职务，掌握政治权力，直接参与管理和决策，这是妇女参政的高级形式。妇女参政是妇女解放的关键一环，中国妇女为之奋斗不懈。而21世纪知识经济的来临，则为党领导下的妇女参政，提供历史转折的契机。 本文分四个部分： 一、中国数千年的自然经济、封建宗法家族制度和伦理道德观念，使广大劳动妇女处于政权、神权、族权和夫权四大绳索绞杀和窒息之下，毫无任何权利可言，不可能参政的机会。 二、近代中国逐步沦为半殖民地半封建社会的历史过程，也是中国妇女逐步觉醒，投入反帝反封建革命斗争的历史进程。但是，农民阶级、民族资产阶级，城市小资产阶级因其阶级和认识局限性，没有也不可能找到中国妇女解放的必由之路，因而也不可能彻底解决妇女参政的问题。只有中国共产党领导中国妇女走民族解放、阶级解放和性别解放相统一的必由之路，才使妇女解放发生历史性的转折。 三、新中国建立后，特别是社会主义制度确立之后，妇女参政有了坚实的政治社会条件。但由于高度集权的计划经济体制决定着妇女参政基本上是政府行政行为，而非女性意识自觉的产物。党的十一届三中全会以后，党在社会主义初级阶段的基本路线为妇女参政提供了新的历史转折契机。广大妇女在市场经济和民主政治的竞争机制中，开始了自我意识的觉醒，参政意识呈现主动状态，参政能力有所提高。但因传统因素和自身素质的影响，而不可能发生根本转折。 四、知识经济则从缩小劳动的性别差异、提供更多的就业机会、实施终身的教育进程、更新传统的守旧观念、关注自身的经济利益、具有民主的知识管理等多维角度和历史进程上，使妇女参政在党的领导下，发生前所未有的历史转折，走向性别解放，这是妇女解放的必由之路。更多还原

【Abstract】 Women’s participation in administration means that women can take part in the management and social affairs. It reflects two respects: Firstly, it refers to women’s participation in political life in the country, namely, having the right to vote and to stand for election. This is the basic respect. Secondly, it refers to women’s holding positions of all levels, directly taking part in management and making decisions. This is the best form for women to participate in politics. Women’s participation in administration is the key factor in women’s liberation, for which women have fought for so long. The knowledge economy of 21 st century provides historical transition for it.This thesis consists of four parts.Firstly, because of the natural economy, feudal-patriarchal system, old ethics and moral concepts, women were ruled and choked by the authority of the regime, the religion, the clan and the husband in the feudal society in the last few thousand years, which made the working women have no say at all, not to speak of participating in administration.Secondly, the historical process for modern China to become half-feudal and half-colonial society was also a historical process for women to be awakened gradually and plunged themselves into the struggle against imperialism and feudalism. But the peasantry, the national bourgeoisie and the petty city bourgeoisie didn’t(or could not) find the right way to liberate the women, owing to the limitation of their understanding and class status. So they could not solve the problem of women’s participation in politics. Only under the leadership of Chinese Communist Party can the Chinese women emancipate from the oppression of imperialism, the ruling class and the unequality between men and women and make women’s emancipation a historical turning point.Thirdly, political and social conditions for women to participate in the administration of the conditions were improved greatly since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, especially after the establishment of socialist system. But it could not be the product of the women’s self-consciousness because at that time women’s participation in politics depended mainly on the administrative action on the part of the government in the highly centralized planned economic system. After the third session of the Eleventh Congress of the CCP in 1978,the Party’s basic policy in the socialist initial stage has provided new historical turning point for women’s participation in politics. The women began to awake to their self-consciousness in the competitive system of the market economy and democratic politics. They are more active in the participation of administration than before and their ability to participate in politics has been improved. On the other hand, because of the influence of the traditional factors and their present qualities, there remains a lot to the improved on this respect.Fourthly, under the leadership of the Communist Party, knowledge economy has made women’s participation in politics a historical turning point from different angles, such as from the angles of reducing the gender distinction in working, creating much more working opportunities, carrying out life-long educational system, renewing traditional old concepts, caring for its own economic benefit and having a set of democratic knowledgeable management system. All of these make women’s participation in administration a new historical transition. The knowledge economy is the only access to liberate the great masses of women completely.更多还原