【作者】 刘飞；

【导师】 张轩杰； 刘筠；

【作者基本信息】 湖南师范大学 ， 动物学， 2001， 硕士

【摘要】 本文主要从生理生态学的角度采用多种方法较详尽地研究了湘云鲫和湘云鲤的多个生物学特征。研究结果如下： 1、采用常规测量法和解剖法测定了湘云鲫、湘云鲤的形态特征。湘云鲫的主要性状为：①背鳍条3，17～20，臀鳍条3，6，胸鳍条1，14，腹鳍条1，8。侧线鳞式29～32_6/（6-V）。第一列鳃弓外列鳃耙数50～52。下咽齿一行，4～4，铲齿。②体长为体高的2.79±0.38倍，为头长的3.75±0.25倍，为尾柄长的5.59±0.33倍。头长为吻长的3.68±0.46倍，为头高的1.24±0.11。尾柄长为尾柄高的1.23±0.11倍。湘云鲤的主要性状为：①背鳍条3，17～19，臀鳍条3，6，胸鳍条1，13～14，腹鳍条1，7～8。侧线鳞式32～34_{（5-6）/（5-6-V）}。第一列鳃弓外列鳃耙数31～32。下咽齿二行，2，4～4，2，臼齿。②体长为体高的3.09±0.17倍，为头长的3.71±0.19倍，为尾柄长的5.70±0.69倍。头长为吻长的3.03±0.36倍，为头高的1.27±0.08。尾柄长为尾柄高的1.22±0.17倍。 2、采用肾细胞制片法研究了湘云鲫、湘云鲤的染色体数量。两者的染色体数目均为150条，即3N=150，两者均为三倍体鱼。 3、应用生化分析方法对湘云鲫、湘云鲤肌肉的营养成分和氨基酸含量进行了定量测定。结果显示：湘云鲫（鲤）鲜肌肉中水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分的含量分别为77.82(77.10％、18.58（17.70）％、2.76（3.10）％、0.99（1.17）％。湘云鲫（鲤）干肌肉中含有17种氨基酸，总量为760.29（705.01）mg／g，其中人体必需氨基酸含量为259.83（208.67）mg／g。 4、采用聚丙烯酰胺梯度凝胶电泳法研究了不同月份湘云鲫、湘云鲤五种组织（肝胰脏、肌肉、心肌、肾、脾）乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）和酯酶（EST）的表现型。结果表明：①湘云鲫（鲤）五种组织乳酸脱氢酶表现型中共检测到19（18）条酶带，均呈细带型，醋酶表现型中共检测到8（10）条酶带;②不同月份各组织的电泳图谱无变化，说明它们不受月份或水温的影响;③两种同工酶有明显的组织特异性。同时，探讨了同工酶表型和控制同工酶的基因位点之间的关系，作者认为湘云娜（鲤）中几乎各基因位点均存在异源等位基因或等位基因变异;并对同工酶电泳图谱的分区做了初步尝试。 5、采用食性相关器官解剖、食道中食物成分分析和水体浮游生物分析三种方法研究了不同月份的湘云鲡、湘云鲤的食性。结论如下:①湘云鲡食道中食物成分主要有腐屑、浮游动物和浮游植物。腐屑、浮游植物的出现率大，说明湘云鲡是一种兼食浮游生物的杂食性鱼类。②湘云娜的下咽齿1行，4一4，铲齿;鳃耙数为5。一52，鳃耙多而长，鳃耙沟较深，比肠长（肠长/体长）为4.2-4.8，平均为4.5。说明湘云鲡具有滤食浮游生物的能力。③湘云娜食道食物成分中浮游生物种类和水体浮游生物优势种类一致，表现出对摄食浮游生物的非选择性。④从其食道中食物成分分析可知，湘云鲤是一种偏肉食性的杂食性鱼类。⑤湘云鲤的下咽齿2行，2，4一4，2，臼齿，鳃耙数为31一32，鳃耙少而短，鳃耙沟浅，比肠长（肠长/体长）为2.8一3.2，平均为3.0.这和其他鲤鱼有较大区别。， 6、采用石蜡切片法和显微测量法研究了湘云鲡、湘云鲤消化道的组织结构，并探讨了消化道组织结构和食性之间的关系。结果表明:①湘云娜（鲤）食道和肠道壁均由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层、浆膜层四层组成。缺乏粘膜肌。②湘云鲡（鲤）消化道的组织结构与其各自的食性一致，主要表现在杯状细胞多少、粘膜褶形态、消化腔大小。③湘云娜（鲤）食道粘膜上皮由单层柱状细胞和杯状细胞组成，这与其他鱼类的不同。④湘云鲡比湘云鲤具有对食物更强的消化吸收能力。⑤根据杯状细胞多少、粘膜褶形\态、消化腔大小等实验数据，湘云细（鲤）肠道可分为前肠、中肠、后肠三段。 7、用呼吸室法研究了三种规格的湘云细在不同水温下的标准耗氧率、标准耗氧量和溶氧临界窒息点的变化.湘云娜的耗氧率、耗氧量在水温15℃下与20℃下相比差异显著，而20℃、25℃、30℃水温下差异不明显。同一水温下，湘云细的耗氧率与鱼体规格的关系呈负相关，耗氧量与鱼体规格的关系呈正相关。湘云娜溶氧临界窒息、点在不同水温下变化不明显，与鱼体规格呈负相关。本实验表明，湘云螂的溶氧临界窒息点在0.11一0.22nlg/Lo更多还原

【Abstract】 The biological characteristics of Triploid crucian carp and Triploid common carp have been studied detailedly by various methods on a basis of physiological ecology .The results are summarized as follows:1.The ordinary regulations and anatomy were choosed to study their morphological features. The results of Triploid crucian carp are as follows:(1)D. 3, 17-20 ; A. 3, 6 ; P. 1,14 ; V. 1, 8 . Scales formula in lateral line is 29-326/(6-v). The number of its gill rakers is 50-52. Its pharyngeal tooth formula is 1 row, 4-4, shovel-shaped. (D The ratio of body length to body height is 2.79±0.38 ;The ratio of body length to head length is 3. 75±0. 25 ;The ratio of body length to caudal pe-duncel length is 5. 59±0. 33 ;The ratio of head length to snout length is 3. 68 ± 0. 46 ;The ratio of head length to head height is 1.24 ±0.11 ;The ratio of caudal peduncel length to caudal peduncel height is 1.23 ±0.11 . The results of Triploid common carp are as follows:(1)D. 3,17-19; A. 3, 6 ; P. 1,13 - 14 ; V. 1, 7 - 8 . Scales formula in lateral line is 32 - 34. Thenumber of its gill rakers is 31 - 32. Its pharyngeal tooth formula is 2 row, 2,4-4,2 , molariform-like. (2) The ratio of body length to body height is 3. 09 ± 0.17 ;The ratio of body length to head length is 3. 71 ±0.19 ; The ratio of body length to caudal peduncel length is 5.70 ± 0.69 ; The ratio of head length to snout length is 3.03 ± 0.36 ; The ratio of head length to head height is 1.27 ± 0. 08 ; The ratio of caudal peduncel length to qaudal peduncel height is 1.22 ±0.17.2.The method of chromosome technique of kidney cell was selected to study the numbers of their chromosomes. The result demonstrates that the number of their chromosomes is 150 (3N=150), namely,that both of them are triploidy fishes.3.The methods of biochemical assays were applied to study their nutrients and their amino acid contents of muscles. The results are as follows: The content of moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and ash of the wet muscle in Triploid crucian caro (Triploid conim carp) is 77.82(77.1)%, 18.58(17.7)%, 2.76 (3.10)%, 0.99(1.17)% respectively. The 17 amino acids, which t are 760.29 (705. 01)mg/g in total weight and in which the content of Essential Amino Acid is 259. 83(208. 67)mg/g, are included in the dry muscles in Triploid crucian carp (Triploid common carp).4. The method of the gradient gel electrophoresis on poly-acrylamide was applied to study the lactate dehydrogenase(LDII) and esterase(EST) of their five tissues ( hepato-pancreas, mussle, heart, kidney, spleen ) under different months. The results are as follows: (1)19(18) thin bands were checked outtotally in five tissues’ LDH phenotypes and 8(10) bands were checked out totally in fives tissues’ EST phenotypes in Trip-loid crucian carp(Triploid common carp); (2) because of no changing in five tissues in different months, the electropho-reticgrams were not influenced by the season or water temperature; and (3)two isozymes exhibited a tissue-specific expression apparently.The relation of the electrophoreticgrams and the isozymes’ loci has been discussed. The author realizes that the allogenic allelic gene-or allelic variation should exist in most of the loci in them. The zonation of the electropho-reticgrams was preliminarily tried.5. The methods of anatomizing the related organs of feeding habit, analyzing the diet composition in their oesophagus, and analyzing the plankton composition in the sample pools were applied to study their feeding habits . The conclusions are as follows: ㏕here are three types of food in Triploid crucian carp: detritus, phytoplankton, and zooplankton. The frequency of occurrence in the former two is high. This claims that its feeding habit is omnivore with inclination to eating plankton. (DThe formula of its shovel-shaped pharyngeal teeth is 1 row, 4-4. The number of its gillrakers is 50-52. The ratio of intestine length to body length is 4.2-4.8 , averaged 4.5 . This demonstrates that Triploid crucian carp is capable of filtering plankton. ㏕he non-s更多还原