【作者】 由海霞；

【导师】 张保军；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 在了解小麦生产现状与栽培措施对小麦产量和品质性状影响情况的基础上，本文针对试验类型区种植特色，在2000／2001和2001／2002两个生产年度利用所筛选的优质面条小麦品种——小偃503为试验材料，分别进行了密度、种植方式、EM制剂、天达2116四个单因素随机区组试验和密度、种植方式、EM制剂三因素再裂区试验，其目的在于通过分析各因素对小麦农艺、光合、产量及品质等性状的影响，为该区大面积实现高产、优质小麦的生产提供最佳的栽培模式。本文在探讨各因素对小麦农艺性状、干物质积累分配特性、光合生理性状及产量和品质等性状的作用效果基础上，分析了小麦干物质积累分配规律和籽粒灌浆动态及产量与品质性状的关系，揭示了影响产量的主次因素，所得结果如下： 1．随密度增加群体茎数高峰值增加而高峰期提前、干物重和群体基部的透光率降低。处理间旗叶Pn、Tr及产量的差异显著或极显著，而籽粒品质性状差异小但均值高。各密度处理中，小麦农艺和光合性状、产量与品质指标都保持有较佳水平的处理为105kg／hm²，其次为135kg／hm²的处理。 2．种植方式对小麦群体结构和旗叶光合生理性状有不同程度影响，而对产量及其构成因素和籽粒品质影响不显著，但三密一稀群体比等行距和四二式群体表现出较好的光合性能和光合产物有效运转能力及产量构成因素较协调，所以产量最高和品质较优，加之三密一稀适合该区麦辣套作的特色，采用该种植方式可获得较高的经济效益，其次无套作麦区应用等行距种植效果也较好。 3．EM对调节群体大小、促进单株分蘖成穗、生育后期功能叶持续期的延长和干物质向经济器官的分配、光合作用以及最终产量均具有积极的正效应，且作用效果随EM施用量的增加而明显，而对光合的促进作用是以同化较多的水分为前提。EM对籽粒品质没有明显影响，所以EM应用效果以15.00kg／hm²最好，其次为11.25kg／hm²，而3.25kg／hm²不可取。 4．在适宜喷施浓度下，天达2116可显著提高冬小麦产量，改善冬小麦的籽粒品质及经济性状，提高灌浆期的光合性能，利于光合产物的有效积累分配，但喷施浓度不当反而有负效应，从而最终影响产量潜力的发挥、降低经济效益。故在对天达2116的实际应用推广中应注意其合理用量问题，本试验中，天达2116在拔节期+孕穗期、灌浆期的喷施浓度为0.1％时获得最高的产量效益及经济效益，为最适喷施浓度。 5．种植方式的产量效应＞密度＞EM，其中种植方式的产量效应及密度与种植方式的互作效应显著，产量效果表现为A₂＞A₁＞A₃，B₂＞B₁，C₃＞C₁＞C₂。且从群体光环境、籽粒灌浆性状、产量及品质性状的分析表明，密度A₁以等行距种植及密度A₃以三密一稀种植其产量和品质效果较好，而对于A₂以B₁种植（A₂B₁）的产量和品质优于以B₂种植（A₂B₂），但差异不大，所以在间套作麦区进行三密一稀种植、密度为105kg／hm²的模式经济效益高，而EM施用量以多为好。本试验所得的最佳栽培模式为A₁B₂C₃和A₂B₁C₃，其次是A₂B₂C₃、A₁B₂C₂、A₂B₁C₂。 6.冬小麦一生的干物质随生长发育的进展逐渐增大，以出苗到拔节阶段占2。%左右，拔节到开花占55一74%，开花到成熟占26一45%，积累曲线呈“S”型。开花至灌浆中期，是干物质发生运转的过渡阶段，光合产物由源向库的运转加强，而茎秆内的干物质向穗部运转的时间晚于叶和叶鞘，且叶（源）的干物质运转率和对籽粒（库）的贡献率最大。 7.小僵503品种在不同栽培技术组合下籽粒灌浆过程符合Logisti。曲线，但不同处理的方程参数和灌浆参数存在差异。灌浆三阶段中，渐增期平均比缓增期短10天而比快增期少8天，灌浆速率和干物质积累量表现为快增期>渐增期>缓增期，灌浆速率基本呈4:2:l的比率，较高的渐增期和快增期干物质积累量利于减轻小麦生育后期不利气候因素对灌浆的影响，对稳定粒重有积极作用。灌浆持续时间是决定粒重的重要因子，其次是平均灌浆速率，渐增期持续时间、快增期和缓增期灌浆速率、均与粒重呈显著正相关，且渐增期持续时间易受环境及栽培措施的影响，渐增期灌浆速率的稳定性也低，所以渐增期持续时间及其灌浆速率的波动是造成小僵503品种粒重不稳的主要原因，该期是生产中的薄弱环节和主攻方向。 8.同一品种在不同栽培条件下产量和品质性状存在差异。其产量构成因素间表现出不同的相关性，其中产量构成三因素与产量的相关程度表现为成穗数>穗粒数>千粒重，成穗数与产量达极显著正相关，且三者之间两两呈不显著负相关。品质性状中蛋白质含量、籽粒硬度和容重两两呈显著或极显著正相关，蛋白质含量与籽粒含水量呈极显著负相关，容重与面团形成时间和稳定时间呈显著负相关而与软化度呈极显著正相关，面粉吸水率与蛋白质含量和软化度呈显著正相关，与面团形成时间呈显著负相关。软化度与面团稳定时间达极显著负相关，评价值与面团形成时间和稳定时间分别呈显著和极显著正相关，与软化度呈极显著负相关，其它性状间相关性不明显。籽粒产量性状与品质性状间有不同程度相关性而与蛋白质含量也无绝对的负相关，所?更多还原

【Abstract】 Based on the production characteristics of plant area in Qishan county, field experiments were conducted from 2000 to 2002 to evaluate the agronomic responses andgrain quality results of the selected winter wheat variety for noodle purpose-Xiaoyan503 at four plot design experiments with single experimental factor of density, plant patter, EM and Tianda-2116 and one resplit-plot experiment with three experimental factors of density, plant patter and EM, in order to find a suitable model of cultivation for the large scale and high-yield and high-quality production in this region.This paper studied the effect of experimental factors on the characteristics of growth and development, accumulation and distribution of dry matter, photosynthesis, yield and quality, analysied the properties of the grain filling and the relations between yield properties and quality traits, and discovered the main experimental factor of influence yield, the results were as follows :l.With the density increasing, the maximum of colony stems increased and came early, the single stem dry matter accumulation and the light penetration of the population bottom reduced.The flag leaf photosynthesis rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr) and the grain yield were significant or greatly significant, the quality traits maintained higher value, but not significant among treatments.The density of 105kg/hm2 had optimum agronomic traits, photosynthetic rate, yield and quality properties, the second was that of 135kg/hm2.2.Plant patters showed a significant effect on population structure and photosynthesis and an unremarkably effect on yield and its components and grain quality.The most suitable one of this double cropping area among these plant patters was the three lines sowed and one line emptied patter, which appeared the better characteristics of photosynthesis and dry matter transportation and yield components, and got the highest yield and the higher quality, the patter of all lines sowed was the second suitable patter.3.The effect of EM was highly positive to the population structure, stems of ear bearing, slowly-senescing leaves, distribution of photosyntheic matter, photosynthesis and grain yield. But the strengthened photosynthesis was based on the assimilation of quantity of water, and the application quantity of EM was higher, the effect of EM was evident. There were no significant effect of EM on grain quality. It was suggested that the optimum treatment was 105 kg/hm2, the better one was 11.25kg/hm2, and the unacceptable one was 3.75kg/hm2.4.Tianda 2116 could significantly increase yield, improve grain quality and economic properties, strengthen photosynthetic rate of grain filling period, and benefite to the valid accumulation and distribution of photosynthetic matter only in case of proper spraying concentration, otherwise it had negative effect on the yield and the economic profit. Thus, attention shoud be paied to the concentration of Tianda 2116 in its practice use. The results suggested that in this experiment, the highest yield and economic profit had been obtained with spraying concentration of 0.1% in jointing period, booting period and filling period. Therefore it was the most optimum spraying concentration of Tianda 2116.5. The plant patters and the interaction between plant patters and densities had distinct effect on yield , but density and EM had no remarkable effect on yield. The effect of these three experimental factors on yield was plant patter>density>EM, A2>A1>A3, B2>B1 andC3>C1>C2. The colony photosynthesis condition, grain filling characteristics, yield and quality traits were analysied, which showed that the patter of A182 and A3B1 were the better plant model, and the yield and quality of AaBi were not significant better than that of A2Ba. Thus, the optimum model in this double cropping area was A2B1C3, it is also better for the undouble cropping area to adopt the model of A1B2C3.6. The accumulation of dry matter increased with the growth and development of winter wheat and the "S" curve app更多还原