【作者】 赵庆良；

【导师】 管华； 马建华；

【作者基本信息】 河南大学 ， 自然地理学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 水环境容量涉及生态平衡和地球化学循环，它反映污染物在环境中的迁移转化和积存规律，也反映在特定功能条件下环境对污染物的承受能力，因此它是环境科学中一个具有重要意义的基本理论问题。同时，它也是环境管理中一个重要的实际应用问题。在实践中，水环境容量是水环境目标管理的基本依据，是水环境规划的主要环境约束条件，也是污染物总量控制的关键技术支持。水环境容量研究已得到我国环境界的普遍关注，并且成为环境管理理论体系中的重要组成部分。本文运用环境规划学、环境质量评价学、水环境学、水环境化学、水动力学等学科的基本理论，采用定性与定量分析相结合的研究方法，对开封市河流水环境容量进行了全面的论述和分析。了解水质状况和水质变化趋势是进行水环境容量研究的基础工作，因此本文也对开封市河流水质的变化进行了深入研究。并从改善开封市水环境质量的角度出发，提出了相应的优化对策和途径。全文除前言外，分为五个部分：第一部分是水环境容量研究进展。主要介绍了水环境容量基本理论，水质数学模型，以及国内外在水环境容量理论研究和应用研究方面的进展。并对水环境容量的概念、影响因素、分类、特征和应用等作了深入的探讨。概括介绍了开封市河流水环境容量研究的现状，分析了目前开封市河流水环境容量研究的不足和在开封市进行水环境容量研究的意义。第二部分是研究区概况。水环境容量研究既涉及到自然环境条件，又与社会经济因素有密切关系。本部分概括介绍了开封市的自然环境条件、社会经济条件以及河流水环境质量状况。明确了研究区的范围和区域生态环境基本状况。第三部分是开封市河流水质变化趋势分析。本部分通过运用模糊综合评判法对比分析了1984年—1997年开封市河流水质的变化趋势。这是开封市河流水环境容量研究的基础工作。了解了开封市河流水污染现状，以及河流的主要污染物，为选择合适的河流水环境容量模型作了充分的准备。<WP=5>第四部分是开封市河流水环境容量估算与分析。通过对开封市环境科研设计所黑箱模型的评价，找出了开封市河流水环境容量研究存在的问题，为本文研究找到了切入点。同时，针对开封市河流水环境质量状况，选择了适当的计算河流水环境容量的水质模型，并对模型中的参数进行了科学的估值。最后，为了治理河流污染对河流污染物削减量进行计算。第五部分是结论与讨论。通过对开封市河流水环境容量的研究，主要得出如下结论。（1）影响河流水环境容量的主要因素有水质目标、水体特征、污染物特性以及污染物的排放方式和排放的时空分布等。在模型建立过程及结果分析中发现，水环境容量的大小与水质目标、污染物背景浓度和河流设计流量有着密切的关系。水质目标愈高和污染物背景浓度愈大，水环境容量愈小；河流设计流量越大，水环境容量越大。（2）通过对开封市河流水质评价和变化趋势分析，发现近年来开封市河流水质并没有改善，反而出现恶化的趋势。尤其是流经市区后河流水质污染严重，其中以有机污染为主。（3）通过对开封市环境科研设计所的黑箱模型和本文水环境容量模型的对比分析，发现黑箱模型因只考虑了河流功能区下断面水质达标排放，而没有考虑在整个功能区河段内的污染物平均浓度也应达到水质标准，并且目的只在于控制污染，而非改善水质，因此计算出来的水环境容量值偏大。而本文的水环境容量计算模型，目的不仅在于控制污染，而且也考虑到河流水体的景观作用，需改善水质，同时计算时考虑到整个功能区河段内的污染物平均浓度不仅要在下断面达标，在整个功能区河段内也应达标，因此，计算出来的水环境容量值更科学合理。（4）通过对防治河流水质污染的对策和措施的对比分析，认为建污水处理厂和完善全市下水管网，以便实现清污分流，这是最切实可行而有效的治理途径。更多还原

【Abstract】 Water environmental capacity involves the ecological balance and the chemical circulation of the earth, in which, the laws of pollutant movement, transformation and storage in the environment are reflected and so is the endurance of the environment against the pollution in specific functional condition. So it is a magnificent basic theoretical problem. Meanwhile, it is also a very important problem of the application. In practice, water environmental capacity provides basis for the objective management of water environment and it is the environmental binding condition of water environmental planning and the key technology support to control the total quantity of the pollutant. Much attention has already been put to the study on water environmental capacity in the circle of environment in China, which has been becoming an important part of the theoretical system of environmental management.On the basis of the fundamental theory of such subjects as Environmental Planning, Environmental Quality Assessment, Water Environment, Water Environmental Chemistry, Water Dynamics, this paper provides the comprehensive exposition and analysis of water environmental capacity of the rivers in Kaifeng with the methods of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Understanding the situation of water quality and the tendency of water quality change is the base of studying on the water environmental capacity, so the author takes the water quality change as a part of the study, and puts forward relevant optimization measures and methods on the point of improving the water quality in Kaifeng. Apart from the introduction, this thesis can be divided into five parts:Part Ⅰ the development of the study on water environmental capacity at home and abroad In this part, the fundamental theory of water environmental capacity, the models of water quality and the development of the theoretical and applied study on water<WP=7>environmental capacity at home and abroad are introduced. The author goes further into the conception, influential factor, classification and application of water environmental capacity. The present situation of the study on the water environmental capacity of the rivers in Kaifeng is generally introduced and the shortcomings and the significance of the study are also pointed out.Part Ⅱ the general introduction of the research region (Kaifeng)The natural environmental conditions and social and economic factors are related to the study. So this part is the general introduction of the natural environmental conditions, the social and economic factors and the water environmental quality in Kaifeng.Part Ⅲ the analysis of the trend of the water quality change of the rivers in Kaifeng In this part, the water quality of the rivers in Kaifeng is assessed based on the model of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. After comparing the water quality of Kaifeng’s rivers in 1984 and 1997, the author gets a conclusion of the change tendency of water quality. And that is the base of the study on water environmental capacity of the rivers in Kaifeng. The analysis of the present water pollution of the rivers in Kaifeng and the main pollutant paves the way for choosing the suitable model of water environmental capacity.Part Ⅳ the evaluation and analysis of the water environmental capacity of the rivers in KaifengAfter evaluating the black-box-model made by Kaifeng environmental research design institution, the author finds out the problems existing in the study. To counter these problems, the author chooses proper evaluation model and makes scientific evaluation of the parameter in this study.Part Ⅴ the conclusion and discussionAfter studying on the water environmental capacity, the author gets the following conclusions:<WP=8>First, the main factors which affect the water environmental quality are the standard of the water environment quality , the characteristics of the water, the features of the pollutants, the ways the time and special distribution of draining the pollutant, an更多还原