对山东省青少年竞技运动员非智力因素发展现状及提高对策的研究

【作者】 荣敦国；

【导师】 刘一民；

【作者基本信息】 曲阜师范大学 ， 体育人文社会学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 平常所说的素质是指作为一个社会人应该具备的基本品质。从结构上讲，素质包括身体素质和心理素质，其中心理素质是人类一切活动的精神基础。以燕国材教授为代表的许多心理学工作者从与心理现象的传统解释不同的另一角度，对心理活动进行了新的划分。他们认为，古今中外，任何人生在世界上，都必须担负着两个任务：一是认识世界(包括主观世界)，这反映到人的心理上，就要求人们有认识活动；另一个是改造世界(也包括主观世界)，这反映到人的心理上，就要求人们有意向活动。在认识客观世界的过程中，人们的认识活动会逐渐形成观察、注意、记忆、思维和想象等这样一些稳定的心理特点，这些稳定的心理特点便构成智力因素；在改造客观世界的过程中，人们的意向活动也会逐步形成动机、兴趣、情感、意志和性格等一系列稳定的心理特点，这些稳定的心理特点，便构成非智力因素。由此可以看出，心理素质包括智力因素和非智力因素两部分。青少年竞技运动员的训练竞赛活动是建立在由智力因素和非智力因素共同构成的心理活动的基础上，对青少年竞技运动员的心理训练应包括智力训练和非智力因素训练两部分。 依田麦久教授对不同运动项群各竞技能力基础条件的作用研究可知，运动员的心理能力在各运动项群中起决定性作用，至少起重要作用。由于运动员的心理是一个非常复杂的系统，结合一线教练员对运动员的心理训练难以操作的实际，因此非常必要从以上即心理二分法的角度对运动员的心理训练问题进行更进一步的研究。 近二十年来，国内心理学界就有关非智力因素的问题进行了大量的理论探讨和实验研究，取得了丰硕的成果。这些理论成果或实验结论对于特殊群体——青少年竞技运动员是否适用尚有待考证。鉴于我国体育界在青少年竞技运动员非智力因素问题上有待进行深入研究，特选择了本课题。 目的就在于尽快明确山东省青少年竞技运动员非智力因素的发展现状，找出规律，做出结论，提出建议，提高广大一线教练员的认识水平，从而对青少年竟技运动员的心理训练更有针对性。 本文的研究对象是青少年竞技运动员和一线教练员。采用的方法主要有文献资料法、逻辑分析法、个案调查法、自编自陈量表法和问卷调查法等。根据燕国材教授关于非智力因素的层次阐述，结合个案调查结果，本着非智力因素既要穷尽又互不包含的原则，最后确定了能够基本上反映青少年竞技运动员非智力因素整体状况的十项具体非智力因素，它们分别是成就动机（AML运动热情（SE＊运动责任心（SR）、运动坚持性（SP）、注意稳定性（AS）、情绪稳定性（ES）、运动焦虑（sA）、运动自信。C门C）、运动好胜。C（sw）和运动独立性（s互）。在理论密切联系实际的基础上；遵照严格的程序编制了《山东省青少年竞技运动员职业兴趣调查问卷》即《山东省青少年竞技运动员非智力因素调查问卷》和《关于青少年竞技运动员非智力因素的教练员问卷入 两问卷从编制到定稿均得到多位专家的审定，并在整个实证研究过程中发挥了重要的工具性作用。 针对我省青少年竞技运动员非智力因素五方面的发展现状，利用两问卷分别对有代表性的青少年竞技运动员和教练员进行了集体测试成调查，对收集到的有效数据利用SPSS10．0进行了统计分析，初步得出了以下五点结论： 1．山东省初中和中专两年龄阶段的青少年竞技运动员，门）在运动热情和运动坚持性方面，初中阶段的发展水平高于中专阶段，而在运动焦虑方面，中专腑的发展水平高于初中毗，这三方面的差异均比较显著h叩．05）；门）在运动自信。。和情绪稳定性方面，初中阶段的发展水平高于中专毗，这两方面的差异极显著（P硼．001）；门）在运动好胜。C、注意稳定性和成就动机方面、初中阶段的发展水平高于中专阶段，但在运动独立性和运动责任。。方面，中专阶段的发展水平高于初中毗，、这五方面均不存在显著性差异（p叩．05）。 2．山东省男女青少年竞技运动员，（1）在运动焦虑方面，女队员的发展水平高于男队员，差异极显著（P北．001）；、门）在运动坚持性方面，男队员的发展水平高于女队员，而在运动好胜。0方面，女队员 2 夕的发展水平高于男队员，这两方面的差异均非常显著（P硼．01）；（3）在情绪稳定性和注意稳定性方面，男队员的发展水平高于女队员，达到显著性水平h删．05）；门）在成就动机、运动责任心和运动自信心方面，男队员的发展水平高于女队员，而在运动热情和运动独立性方面，女队员的发展水平高于男队员，这五方面均未达到显著性水平（P＞0．05）． 3．山东省个人项目和集体项目的青少年竞技运动员，门）在成就动机、运动热情、运动责任心、运动坚持性、情绪稳定性、运动焦虑和运动好胜。u方面的差异极显著（p＜0．001），除运动焦虑外，集体项目的发展水平高于个人项目；（2）在注意稳定。性和运动自信。。方面，集体项目的发展水平高于个人项目，?更多还原

【Abstract】 Quality in its common sense refers to the basic characters owned by a person .in terms of structure, quality consists of physical quality and mental quality, with the latter being the spiritual basis for overall activities of human beings. Represented by professor Yan Guocai, many psychologists, from an angle different from the traditional explanations for psychological phenomena, reclassified psychological activities. According to them, everyone in the world must shoulder two tasks whenever and wherever; one is to cognify the world (including the subjective world). When reflected in psychology, it requires that people should have cognifing activities. The other is to reform the world (including the subjective world as well). When reflected in psychology, it requires that people should have intentional activities. During the process of cognifying the objective world, those cognifying activities gradually form some stable psychological traits, such as observation, attention, memory, thought, imagination etc, with then constitute intelligent factors. The same is true with the process of reforming the objective world in which those intentional activities gradually form a series of stable psychological traits as well, such as motivation, interest, emotion, will, character, etc, which, however, constitute non-intelligent factors. Therefore, mental quality consists of intelligent factors and non-intelligent factors; The training and competing activities of the teenage athletes are just based on the psychological activities comprised by the intelligent and non-intelligent factors; What’s more, the psychological training towards the teenage athletes should involve intelligent training and non-intelligent training.Based on professor Tian Maijiu’s research on the function of the fundamental conditions of particular acrobatic abilities of different set of sports items, it’s known that the psychological abilities of the athletes play adecisive, or at least important role in the set of sports items. Since the psychology of athletes is a rather complex system and it’s quite difficult for the coaches to handle their psychological training, it’s quite essential to carry out a further research on the problems of psychological training towards the athletes based on the psychological dichotomy.In the latest 20 years, domestic psychological field has accomplished a great deal of theoretical exploitations and experimental researches concerning the non-intelligent factors, as a result, has achieved remarkable feats. However, these theoretical fruits and experimental conclusions are get to be testified whether they are available for special groups, i.e. teenage athletes. In view of the situation that the non-intelligent factors of the teenage athletes need to be further explored in Chinese sports field, the topic is selected here, aiming to ascertain the existing situation of the non-intelligent factors of the teenage athletes in Shandong Province, find out the regularities, draw conclusions, provide suggestions, enable the practical coaches to enhance the understanding in this aspect and thus enforce a more directed and effective psychological training towards the teenage athletes. And several methods are employed such as literature review, logical analysis, case study, self-compiling and self-reporting questionnaire and so on. Based on Yan Guocai’s hierarchical elaboration on non-intelligent factors and on the principle that non-intelligent factors are exhausting as well as non-including, together with the help of case study, the article finally listed 10 specific non-intelligent factors which can basically reflect the whole state of the teenage athletes: achievement motivation, sports responsibility, sports persistence, attention stability, emotion stability, sports anxiety, sports confidence, sports will, and sports independence. By integrating theory with practice and following strict procedures, two questionnaires worked out: <<Questionnaires On The Investigation Of Professional Interest Of The Teenage Athletes In Shand更多还原