传统中国对外关系在近代嬗变的路径

【作者】 李丽杰；

【导师】 马骏骐；

【作者基本信息】 贵州师范大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 外交是国家内政的向外延伸。因此，国家外交的目标、内容、制度、机构，均受到其政治理念及状况的影响。 近代以前的中国，无所谓外交，只是“理藩”而已，中国长期囿于传统的“宗藩”体系中，封建统治者固守着身为“宗主”，抚驭万邦的对外思想。迨至清末，这种落后的“理藩”制度更趋完备。在中国进入近代以前，“理藩”制度对中国社会产生了深刻的负面影响，阻碍了中国与世界的交往与联系，使中国失去了走向世界的历史契机。 1840—1842年鸦片战争的失败打破了中国“理藩”体制下的对外格局，并从思想到体制上对清政府产生了巨大的影响。面对“数千年来未有之变局”，一部分先进的爱国人士振袂而起，对中国传统的对外理念进行了深刻的反思与批判，并在此基础上，他们理性地吸收了西方先进的外交思想，推动了中国近代外交理念的形成。在近代外交理念的支配下，晚清的外交开始步入近代化。 1861年，基于国内、外形势的变化，以及一部分上层统治者思想认识上的变化，清廷始设中国近代第一个中央外交机关——总理衙门。作为中国近代史上第一个外交机构，其不免存在着诸多弊端，但却整整存在了40年，并在中外交涉中发挥了重要的作用。 总理衙门是中国近代外交机关之肇始，但在其建立后，清廷并没有积极地在有条约关系国建立驻外外交机构。此后，在外国列强的敦促下，以及国内洋务官僚的建言及推动下，清廷才于1876年初步建立了近代使节制度，并逐步实现了使节制度的近代化。 1901年，总理衙门改为外务部，其中列强的外部压力以及强加给清廷的不平等条约是其改组的重要渊薮，但外务部的设立，也适应了近代外交机构改革、完善的发展趋势，使中国近代外交机构向正规化、国际化发展迈出了重要的一步。更多还原

【Abstract】 Foreign affairs are the external of the internal affairs of a country. Therefore, the goals, content, system and mechanism of foreign affairs of a country are influenced by its political theory and situation.Modern time ago, there were no so-called foreign affairs, only "Li-fan" in China, for a long time China had been confined to the traditional "Li-fan" system, and the feudal rulers stuck to the position of masters and to the diplomatic theory of ruling and appeasing other countries. To the end of Qing Dynasty, this backward "Li-fan" system was improved and perfected. Before the modern times, the "Li-fan" system had a lot of negative effects on the Chinese society, which hindered China’s communication and relation with the outside world and made China lose the historic chance of entrance to the world.The defeat of the Opium War that was from 1840 to 1842 broke the pattern of Chinese foreign affairs under the "Li-fan" system, and produced tremendous impacts on the Qing government’s diplomatic theories and systems. Facing the fact that "The changes took place for the first time since thousands of years ago", some advanced patriotic personages took actions to reflect and criticize profoundly the concept of Chinese traditional foreign affairs, and on the basis of this, they rationally absorbed western advanced diplomatic ideas, thus facilitated establishment of modern diplomatic ideas in China, with its domination, the foreign affairs of late Qing government became modernization.In 1861,due to the changes of situation at home and abroad, and changes of part of the top ruler’s ideas, the Qing government established the "the Tsungli Yamen" which was the first central diplomatic mechanism in modern China. As the first diplomatic mechanism, "the Tsungli Yamen" inevitably had some weak points, however, it had existed for forty years and played an important role in the Qing Dynasty foreign affairs."The Tsungli Yamen" was the beginning of the diplomatic mechanism in modern China, but after the establishment of which, the Qing government didn’t actively sent diplomatic missions to the foreign counties, which had signed treaties with China. Later with the urge of foreign great powers and the domestic foreign affairs officials, the Qing government preliminarily set up the modern diplomatic envoys system in 1876,and step-by-step realized its modernization.In 1901, "the Tsungli Yamen" was transformed into the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, mainly because of the pressure from the great powers and the unequal treaties imposed on the Qing government, however, the establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs conformed to the tendency of the reform and improvement of the modern diplomatic mechanism, and it was an important step in the standardization and internationalization of China’s modern diplomatic mechanisms.更多还原