【作者】 张晓毓；

【导师】 聂珍钊；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 比较文学与世界文学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 纳撒尼尔·霍桑是19世纪美国浪漫主义的代表作家，被称作“美利坚民族第一位伟大的小说家”。他的作品主要有《红字》等五部完整的长篇小说，和《拉帕其尼医生的女儿》、《年轻的布郎先生》等百余篇短篇小说。他以本民族的文化为表现背景，细腻地表现了他对人性的思考。本文主要从以下几个方面研究霍桑思想中对罪恶所持的观念，它的表现、成因、作用、及其对后世作家的影响。 首先，受生活环境和生活道路的影响，加尔文清教主义的宗教观念镌刻在了他的思想的深处，他认定所谓的“原罪”是恶之根源，由于这与生俱来的罪性，人性本恶，并在现实中表现为各种各样的罪行。理性之罪因为有了“原罪”的原型而成为最大的罪，所有的罪恶和一切灾难的核心就在于造成了“原罪”的利己主义。 其次，霍桑在对人性罪恶的思考过程中表现出了深刻的矛盾。他虽然持有清教主义的生活观点和行为标尺，但又对这种观念持严肃的批判态度。他在罪与罚、情与理之间徘徊，他既厌恶罪恶又肯定罪恶对人类的教育作用，所以他“同情人性之恶，是罪者的朋友”。这种矛盾的实质是霍桑的罪恶观的两大支柱加尔文清教主义神学观与人道主义道德观的对立冲突。霍桑罪恶观在他的整个世界观中居于核心地位，罪恶观的矛盾是导致作家思想矛盾的根本原因。以人格心理学方法来看，父权的削弱和阿尼玛人格原型是造成霍桑思想复杂矛盾的原因。 第三，作为一名基督教人道主义者，霍桑在描写罪恶、进行思考的同时，积极寻找灵魂获救、道德自我完善的可能。他认为消弭人性罪恶以及社会问题的关键在于净化灵魂，具体的拯救之方有：忏悔赎罪、仁慈博爱、良心指引和回归自然。这些解决方案都具有明显的人道主义济世的特点。清教主义与人道主义的冲突在这里得到了解决，霍桑在人性救赎上最终抛弃了清教主义的残酷的做法，而采纳的是人道主义的方式。这体现出对加尔文清教教义“预定论”的反拨和这位人道主义者的心系苍生的胸怀。 最后，本文还分析了霍桑罪恶观的承上启下的文学史意义。在欧洲文学 ￡x 硕士学位论文 w MAiEIr s nlESIS史上，从弥尔顿、班扬、哥特小说到美国早期作家查尔斯·布郎、爱伦·坡一直都有书写灵魂善恶冲突的传统，在继承前人成就的基础上，霍桑的小说集中而全面地揭示人性罪恶，他的成就启发了自麦尔维尔、亨利·詹姆斯直到福克纳等作家的创作，从而形成了美国文学史上一个重要的写作传统。更多还原

【Abstract】 Nathaniel. Hawthorn( 1804-1864) was a representative romantic writer in the 19th century American literature, who was praised as" the first great novelist of American nation." His works include five completed novels like The Scarlet Letter and more than one hundred short stories such as Rappaccini’ s Daughter and Young Goodman Brown. He exquisitely displayed his idea about the human nature. This thesis mainly discusses the manifestation, reason, function and influence of Hawthorn’s idea about evil.First, the Calvinist Puritanism had deeply engraved in his ideology through his living condition and experience. So, he firmly believed the so-called "Original Sin" was the source of evil, which would present all kinds of crimes in the human lives. The sin of intellect was the most vicious one for its prototype was the "Original Sin". ’The essence of all the sin and suffering was the egoism that caused the "Original Sin".Second, there was deep contradiction in Hawthorn’s idea about the evil of the human nature. Although he held the Puritanism viewpoint of life and behavior standard, he seriously criticized it. He hesitated between the sentiment and reason. He detested the evil but he affirmed its function of education. He sympathized with the evil of human nature and he was a friend of the sinner. The essence of the contradiction was the confliction between the Calvinist Puritanism and humanism which were two pillar of Hawthorn’s idea about evil. Because this idea was the core of Hawthorn’s world outlook, its contradiction was the basic reason of that of the writer’s world outlook. From the point of the Character Psychology, the weakened patriarchy and the anima persona were the main reason of the complex and contradiction of the writer’s idea.Third, being a Christian humanist while Hawthorn described and thought the evil of human nature, he positively sought the possibility of rescuing people’s soul and perfecting their morality. He believed the key of preventing thedemoralization and social problem was purifying people’s soul. There were several ways which were included confession and atonement, benevolent and fraternity, conscience and the nature, which all had obvious humanism characteristic.The thesis also analyzes this idea’s significance in the literature history. There has a tradition of present the soul contradiction between good and evil from Banyan to Milton, to Gothic romance, to the early American writers Charles Brown and Allan Poe. On the foundation of the formers’ results, Hawthorn’s novels comprehensively revealed the evil of human nature. His achievement enlightened some followed novelists, such as Herman. Melville, Henley. James, and William. Faulkner.更多还原