【作者】 王月容；

【导师】 张合平；

【作者基本信息】 中南林学院 ， 生态学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 桂林漓江流域是我国旅游开发较早的地区之一，该区拥有我国乃至世界上屈指可数的独特的景观旅游资源，但是随着旅游力度的逐步加大，该区的景观资源在很大程度上受到了破坏，景观结构也相应地发生了一些改变。本文运用景观生态学基本原理与方法，从流域景观水平出发，结合当地人类活动影响特点，选取斑块密度、景观破碎度、景观多样性、景观优势度、均匀度等指标参数，对漓江流域景观结构变化进行了研究。同时，对流域景观结构影响的机理与成因，以及景观功能变化中的物种流、养分流、土壤流、能量流等进行了定量分析。在此基础上，结合不同景观区的环境容量现状，以及对景观格局动态变化的小尺度影响过程，从大尺度上对流域的景观格局变化模式进行了预测分析。这些定量性的研究目前在我国尚不多见。 旅游开发活动及人类生产活动是导致漓江流域景观结构变化的主要原因，并随着干扰活动的加强，景观破碎度增大，景观异质性增强，景观多样性升高。与人类干扰活动密切的景观类型(农用地，经济林用地、建筑用地)或纯自然景观类型(原生植被)，其景观分离度与干扰强度成反比，其它景观类型则与干扰强度成正比例关系。 旅游开发活动对景观结构影响源分为设施和道路两大类。植被生态因子类影响表现在：植被的种群分布、结构组成、植被形态等方面。结果表明，草本类，游道影响源干扰区在2～4m，设施类在0～10m，原有优势种密度减小，物种丰度较其它干扰范围内有所增加(外部种入侵导致本地植物的种类数目增多)，均匀度也增大，生物量减少；灌木类，在干扰范围内，影响程度与影响源的距离成负相关关系；乔木类，接近设施类40m处影响最大，游道类影响源则影响效果不明显，只有形态上略有变化。 土壤生态因子类影响表现在：土壤质地、结构、松紧度、植物根系含量、pH值、容重、有机质、养分元素含量等理化性质，因各景观区结构不同及影响程度不一而有差异。结果表明，上游森林草甸景观区中背景区中理化性质较中下游景观区好。各景观区所取样点中，土壤理化性旅游破坏区所受影响最大，呈现出质地粘重、结构变差(以块状为主)、同一层次土壤松紧度增大、根系变少、容重增大、土壤pH值增大(也有个别pH减少，以致酸性增强)、碱性增强、大量元素降低，其中对K、Ca、Mg影响中有显著性的差异(又以游道类影响最为显著)、重金属元素(Pb和Cd)明显增多、显著性的差异最为明显，其它微量元素(Zn、Mn、Cu、Ni)逐渐减少，表明旅游活动干扰后土壤对Pb和Cd富集作用增强等特点。其中破坏区表现最为明显，过渡区次之。 旅游活动是造成水体污染的主要原因之一，且随旅游娱乐类型的不同，对水体污染的程度有明显的差异。同一种旅游娱乐活动方式中，因使用方式的频率高低和游人密度的大小对水体的影响又有一定的差异。 景观结构变化给景观功能带来的影响表现在：旅游开发活动在破坏物种的同时又有利于促进物种流的流动；养分、土壤随植被的破坏程度增大流失作用增强；能量在不同景观区中流动的特征和所带来的影响各有不同。 结合不同景观区有代表性的旅游景点的环境容量分析，对景观格局在今后一段时间内的变化进行预测分析表明：上游的中山森林、草甸景观区，景观格局将以森林占绝对优势的景观要素向简单化方向发展；中、上游的丘陵景观区，景观格局将继续朝着优化方向发展；下游的绿洲走廊景观区及谷地(盆地)平原景观区，随着农用地，经济林用地，建筑设施用地等三种景观要素的不断增加，发展到某一段时间内，原来土地利用由向多样化方向发展，逐渐转变为向只有少数景观要素为主的简单化方向发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Guilin Lijiang valley, which possesses many unique world nature landscape resources, is one of the tourism places that were exploited earliest in china. With the development of tourism industry, however, some landscape resource have been destroyed, and the landscape structure has been influenced to much extent. On the basis of landscape ecology principles and methods, thinking over the level of the valley landscape and the influencing character of local people activities, selecting the patch density, landscape fragment, landscape diversity, landscape dominance and landscape proportionnable index, and so on, this paper analyzes quantitatively the landscape stucture of the Lijiang valley. At the same time, the mechanisms and causes of tourism development on the landscape structure and its change, landscape function, the landscape pattern and its prediction have also been studied. These quantitative results are not very more in china presently.Tourism develope and human actvity are the main reasons for landscape structure change. When the disturbence becoming severly, fragmentation, heteroity and the landscape diversity in this area will increase. There exists an inverse relationship between the landscape isolation and human activity for those man-made landscape types, such as landscape type (farmland, plantantion, industial area) or nature landscape type (nature woodland), a direct realationship between the landscape isolation and human activity. It is such conclued that the human activity has a strong impact on the landscape structure.The infrastructuer buffer zones and road buffer zones are to assess the impact of tourism development on the landscape structure. The influences on the vegetation ecological attributes mainly includes the species distribution, structure constitution and vegetation morphology, etc.. The results show that: in the 2-4m of road buffer zones and 0-10m of infrastrctuer buffer zones, the density of dominant species and biomass will decrease for herbs, and abundance and proportion will get bigger than other exents (inner species increasing owing to the outer species invading); In the shrub disturbence extent, There exists an inverse relationship between the influence degrees and buffer zones; In the 40m of infrastructure buffer zones, there has the biggest influence on the trees, however, the effect of road buffer zones is unobvious, only a small change on the morphology.The influences on the soil ecological attributes mainly include the quality, structure, the loose and tense degree, the vegetation root content, pH value, unit weight, organic matter, the content of nutrient elements, and so on. It is the biggest impact on the destructive district. The results are mainly as follows: sticky quality, tuber structure, the loose and tense degree, unit weight, pH value (decreases in the few conditons that resulting acidity strengthening), alkalinity increases in the same soil level, root quantity and macro-element content decreases; There has a extraordinary difference between K, Ca and Mg, especially for Pb and Cd which shows that the collecting function of soil enhances under the disturbence conditon, and other micro-elements, such as Zn> Mn, Cu, Ni get decreasing.Tourism activity is one of the key reasons for water body pollution. To different recreation types, the pollution degree has the obvious difference. In the same recreation type, different using frequencies and visitor density has different pollution impact on the water body.The change of landscape structure have great impact on its function. The tourism development actuvities not only destroy species, but also accelerate its flowing. When destroygetting deeply, nutrient elements and soil will lose severly. The energy can converse and exchange among buffer zones.According to the tourist capacity analyzing of the typical tourism sites in different landscape zones, the landscape patterns have been predicted for the future. In the upstream middle-mountain forest and meadow landscape zone, the pattern will develop更多还原