【作者】 张敏；

【导师】 王有智；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 基础心理学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 20世纪80年代以来，对儿童欺负问题的研究成为发展心理学和学校心理学研究中极具实践意义的课题。从已提出的研究框架来看，欺负行为的研究几乎涉及到影响儿童心理发展的各种因素。本研究在前人研究基础上针对父母教养方式、个性特征和人际关系因素与儿童欺负行为的关系进行探讨，以期从理论上认识欺负行为的实质，从实践上为配合当前素质教育、提高学生心理素质以及控制和消除学校中的欺负行为提供依据。 本研究采用儿童欺负行为调查问卷、父母教养方式评价量表、艾森克个性问卷(儿童版)、儿童马基量表和同伴关系问卷对448名中小学生进行了问卷调查，其中男生240名，女生208名，小学生299名，中学生149名。经过对调查结果的分析，得出如下结论： 1、学校中儿童欺负行为的发生、发展和表现形式有其典型的特点。受欺负者人数随年级增长逐步下降，而欺负者人数的变化相对不明显。各年级男生欺负和受欺负人数显著高于女生，男生多采用直接身体欺负和言语欺负的方式，而女生主要采用直接言语欺负和间接的欺负形式。欺负现象发生后，大多数学生即使受到欺负也很少向家长或老师报告，具有隐蔽性，因而使得很多欺负行为被学校和家庭所忽略。 2、儿童欺负行为的发生与儿童和行为对象的家庭环境和父母教养方式有显著相关。欺负和受欺负儿童的家庭社会经济地位均相对较低。有欺负行为儿童的父母对其子女过于放纵、宽容，容易造成他们发展上的障碍和形成某些不良的个性品质。受欺负组儿童的父母对他们的时间和精力上的投入相对较少，多采用惩罚、严厉、拒绝和否认的教育方式，父母对子女缺少理解和关心。总之，儿童的欺负行为与家庭的某些因素存在着一定的联系，父母的精力投入、母亲的教育方式等，会对儿童的个性和行为习惯的培养产生一定的影响。 3、欺负者和受欺负者在个性特征上有显著差异。欺负者更多的具有外向、冲动、固执、强横、冷酷和缺乏同情心等特点，他们往往不容易克制自己的行为，具有冲动和易激惹的特点，所以他们在学校中经常会有一些违规行为，极易形成不良的同伴关系。受欺负者更多的具有内向、缺乏自信、孤独、焦虑和忧郁等特点。 4、在人际关系方面，欺负者和受欺负者均对他人缺乏信任，人际关系不良，社会化程度偏低。其中，受欺负儿童较其他儿童在社会化发展上存在更多的问题。 5、回归分析表明，精神质、内外向和母亲的严厉惩罚因素对儿童欺负行为有显著的回归效应。 研究表明：儿童欺负行为的发牛、发展和表现形式有其典型的特点；儿童欺负行为卞要受到欺负者和受欺负者的家庭因素、个性特征和人际关系特点等的影响，这些因素对欺负行为有一定的预测作用。 研究提示，在学校开展心理健康教台，训练学牛处理好人际关系，父母为孩f创造良好的家庭环境，以及学校与家长及时沟通等，对于预防和消除学校中的欺负行为具有重要作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 The present paper studied the school bullying and the primary impact factors, for understanding the nature of bullying, providing measures and references to the elimination and controlling of school bullying. Primarily with methods of questionnaires and psychometrics, the following findings were fount: in Chinese culture , bullying was a behavior intentionally causing harm to the weaker or weakers , and had regular patterns. The factors that impact children’s bullying behavior were family atmosphere, education and upbringing styles, personality traits and interpersonal relationship. In the light of family influence, bullies and victims were relatively inferior in family’s social economic conditions. The bullies parents had the tendency of spoiling and overindulgence. The victims parents tended to be punitive, severe, and have rejecting and denying upbringing styles. In personality traits, bullies tended to be more externalizing, impulsive, obstinate, immature and lack of sympathy. Victims tended to be more internalizing, depressed, lonely and to have poor self-esteem. Both of them had more psychiatric symptoms than non-involved children. As for the interpersonal relationship, both bullies and victims were lack of confidence in others and had no good relationship among people.The research concluded that the occurrence of children bullying had regular patterns. Bullying Behavior is primarily influenced by the family social economic status, parents’ ways of educating and school atmosphere, the personality traits of both bullies and victims and the characteristics of interpersonal relationship.It reminded that it was essential of the quality education and mental health education in schools. Strengthening basic social skill training in school, creating positive family atmosphere, having more communications between schools and families and implementing strict regulations against bullying were essential to interfere and eliminate the school bullying.更多还原