张謇“中庸”思想探析

【作者】 马方方；

【导师】 曲晓范；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 历史学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 持重与稳健是张謇性格中最突出的特征。这固然与其人生的复杂经历有关，他一生经历了戊戌变法、庚子之变、清末新政、辛亥革命、军阀混战，处于中国最为动荡，社会结构急剧分化转型的近代社会，担任众多的社会职务，并在各种角色中都处于举足轻重的地位。科场的跌宕，官场的沉浮，经商的磨难，诸种外力对其“持中求和”性格的生成都产生着重要的影响。然而我们不能也不应忽视的另一面是：人的心理是在文化的影响下发展和成熟起来的，人的行为也受到文化的控制和调节，正是在文化中及经由文化，意义与价值才成为整合的东西。在儒家思想中影响中国传统人格精神最深远的莫过于中庸哲学。“中庸”思想作为儒家伦理的核心价值观念之一，是儒士们修身、治家、治国的根本价值标准。张謇作为从旧世纪的翎顶辉煌中走过来的士子，他的身上不可避免地带有传统文化的深刻印记。因此，他一生同样恪守着“中庸”信条，视之为做人行事之根本原则，从而在价值取向上和社会行为上都体现着“守正处中”的基本特征： 在政治态度上，他一直走的是位于激进派与保守派之间的道路，他主张变革，但在变的方法和内容上却恪守“礼”的规范，强调遵循秩序，以渐进温和的方式改良，“法变”，“道不变”是其基本的政治思想；在经济思想上，试图建立完整的经济体系，无论在经营模式还是运作途径上都在寻求传统与现代的价值沟通；在文化观念上持“中体西用”说，将之用于教育实践，也是持中西之平，努力寻找“道统”与“器用”的最佳结合方式；在社会认识上，更是追求人际关系的融洽，他“介官商之任”、“通官商之邮”，以求上通下达，同时他又在追求一种个体身与心的和谐，视传统士人的“内圣外王”为最高理想。总的来说，“中庸”思想的影响使他事事力图求得事物的圆满，但理想与现实的深刻矛盾使其人格无可避免地陷入分裂。张謇的可贵之处，在于能以理性的思辨，择善而取，择优而从，从而在思想和社会行为上都表现出更开明的特征。更多还原

【Abstract】 Steadiness and firmness were the most outstanding characters of Zhang Jian. The forming of the characters was relative to his complicated experience. He had experienced The Reform Movement of 1898, Late Qing Reform, The Revolution of 1911 and The War of The Warlord. It was the most unrest period in Chinese recent history, in which the structure of society was divided severely. During of the times, Zhang Jian took on many duties and played an important role in any of them. The drop of examination, the up and down in official position, and the suffering in business, all of these had a great influence on his character. However, we should not neglect another major factor, which is that man’s mind is developing and maturing under the effect of culture. So one’s behavior will be controlled by culture. In fact, only in culture or by culture, there’s a perfect meaning and value. The Confucianists’ thought of "The Golden mean" had the great influence on Chinese traditional spirit. As the core of the Confucianists’ thought, "The Golden mean" was the fundamental standard of the traditional intellectuals in action. Zhang Jian was also printed traditional culture because of his experience. In his life, he also abided by "The Golden mean", and it was the basic standard of his behavior. The character could by summed up in the following points:In his political attitude, on one hand, he agreed to transform. But he choose the neutral road between the radical and the conservative. On the other hand, he believed that people must comply with the social order. His basic political thought was "Law should be changed, while the morality should be altered." In his economic thought, he wanted to link up the value of the tradition and the modern. In culture and education, he abided by the rule that "Chinese culture is the fundamental, the west culture is auxiliary",which was embodied in educational practice. In his social understanding, he also pursuit to perfection and harmony. He tried to communicate the official and the businessmen, and he wanted to seek the harmony between his cause and moral. The traditional value of "Internal lofty and external greatness" was his highest ideal.In general, "the influence of the Golden mean" made him pursuit the perfection and harmony in any case, while the contradiction of ideal and reality divided his personality. He can choose the fine and excellent aspect by sensible thinking. The open trait was the valuable spirit of Zhang Jian.更多还原