【作者】 屈双荣；

【导师】 杨剑虹； 谢德体； 李阳兵；

【作者基本信息】 西南农业大学 ， 土壤学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 目前，人类对自然的过度利用导致水土流失加剧、生态环境退化、生物多样性剧减、土地生产力下降等一系列恶果；同时，环境退化已成为经济发展的制约因素。更为严重和令人担忧的是，这种影响已经具有全球的特点，由此引起的全球变化，使人类陷于生态困境中。如何保护现有的自然生态系统，综合治理与恢复已退化的生态系统及重建可持续的人工生态系统，已成为摆在人类面前的重要课题。 作为我国乃至全球生态问题最突出的典型----岩溶生态区，其生态退化表现最为明显，影响也最为广泛。严重而频繁旱涝灾害、水土流失、石漠化现象加剧、地面塌陷、生物多样性丧失、植被与土壤出现逆向演替、生产力水平降低、人居生活困难等，集中了全球生态问题的主要表现和主要类型；因此，加强对岩溶区生态特征和退化类型的研究，不但能为岩溶区生态的恢复和重建提供依据，也为其它生态区的研究提供方法借鉴。 在现代生态研究的各种方法中，景观生态学是一门研究空间格局对生态过程相互作用的新兴交叉学科，是宏观生态研究一个新的分支，它是将气候、地貌、岩石和土壤、植被、水文作为景观构成的五种要素，并将它们所形成整体景观作为研究对象，通过对景观格局的分布、形成和变化的研究和分析，了解各种自然因素与人类活动对景观格局的形成、分布和变化的作用。景观生态学近年来发展迅速，应用越来越多，其主要特点表现在：①可提供景观组分特征分析的景观空间格局指数；②用于建立景观整体分析的景观格局分析模型；③建立景观动态变化的模拟模型。它体现了当代生态学研究从微观走向宏观，从定性走向定量，从应用线性科学研究方法到应用非线性科学方法的进展趋势。但景观生态学取样数据十分庞大，景观空间格局指数和分析模型、模拟模型的建立需作大量运算；因此，本研究采用基于GIS的技术手段，运用GIS的技术特点和强大运算能力对重庆岩溶区的景观格局进行研究，以期建立起一套相对完整的重庆岩溶区的景观格局模型，为重庆岩溶区生态的特点、恢复和重建提供依据。 我国西南地区碳酸盐类岩石出露面积达41.05万km~2，是世界上最大的岩溶连续带。重庆市碳酸盐岩出露面积约3.91万km~2，约占幅员总面积(8.24万km~2)的50％，主要集中分布于渝东北(其中包括三峡库区)和渝东南各区市县。本研究是以重庆市1：30万的土地利用现状图(2000年版)、1：60万的土壤图以及重庆市百米等高距的地形图和四川省(包括重庆市)1：60万的地质图作为基本分析图件。在土地利用类型的基础上，依据土地利用现状划分了耕地、园地、林地、未利用地、草地、居民工矿用地和水域7类景观嵌块体类型，再借助于GIS软件生成重庆岩溶区景观图。最后，运用景观生态学原理，采用了目前国内外应用最为常用的景观格局指数方法进行景观格局分析，并且以秀山县为例，应用马尔柯夫模型进行岩溶区景观变化的态势分析。其分析结果如下：l）重庆岩溶区景观类型和整体格局特点 重庆岩溶区景观格局分析结果表明，重庆岩溶区的景观类型包括森林景观、草原景观、荒漠景观、农业景观、城乡景观和湿地景观共六大类型。其中，森林景观和农业景观分别占整个岩溶区总面积的 58．20％和N．00％，if岩溶区景观格局中占有绝对的优势，起着支配地位，对岩溶区生态环境起着主要的作用。 重庆岩溶区景观多样性指数（H）为 l．42，处于最大多样性指数（Hmax）2．81 中段。而景观优势度和均匀度分别为 l．39和 0．51（与 1差距甚远），景观丰富度密度 0．0002，相对丰富度 l．0，反映出岩溶区景观的丰富度小，多样性程度不高。以上指标表明重庆岩溶区景观的总体多样性程度不高，丰富度较小。 重庆岩溶区景观整体的破碎度为 2．28 SE－05，而各类景观的破碎化程度相对较低，处于1二483E．06～3石门IE．05之间。景观嵌块体的分维数在1石6～1．99之间，处于最大域值卜2的上段；形状指数在 22．84－122二5之间；分离度指数在 0．14－9刀3之间；密度和边界密度的都很小，分别处在 0力5个爪－3．97个爪m’和 2．20km－’－7．80km－‘z间，表明各类景观嵌块体的几何形状较复杂，被分割的程度较低，破碎化现象不明显，空间异质化程度低。2）重庆岩溶区士壤景观格局特征 除了山地草甸士以林地和草地，棕壤以林地为主要景观外，另外的9种土壤类型上都是以耕地和林地为主要的景观，农、林用地在景观空间格局的结构和功能中起主导作用。但是，由于各类士壤性质和分布特点的不同，耕地和林地在各类土壤上的分配比例上存在着明显的差异，以及人类的活动使得耕地的嵌块体数急剧增多和居民工矿用地、林地、未利用地的嵌块体数目增加。总体上来说，重庆岩溶区土壤景观整体上以农、林为主，几何形状较复杂，多样性程度不高，人工干扰指数不大，破碎化程度低，空间异质化程度小。岩溶区三大土壤类型（黄壤、黄棕壤和石灰士）的景观格局指数差异不大，表明了士壤类型对于岩溶区景观的影响小。3）重庆岩溶景观分区特征 根据地质、地貌和区域景观特征，可将重庆岩溶区划成三大景观区：代?更多还原

【Abstract】 The excess utilization for human on land result in a series of evil consequence, for example, the increase of soil and water loss, the degradation of eco-environment, the decrease of bio-diversity severely and the decline of land productivity. At the same time, the environment degradation has been the restrict factor of economic development. And what is more severe and making people anxious is this influence has had global characteristics, and correspondingly global changes make people fall into ecological mess. It is important for human how to protect existing natural ecosystem and rehabilitate degraded ecosystem synthetically and reconstruct sustainable man-made ecosystem.As most eminent degraded ecosystem type in China and even in the earth, the karst ecosystem has degraded most evident and has the most abroad influence. The disaster of drought and waterlog is severely and frequently, the water and soil loss and rock desertification is increasing, the subsidence is happened at some ground, the bio-diversity decrease, the vegetation and soil evolve conversely, the productivity declines, the people lives in difficulty, and the most phenomenon and types of ecological problem are concentrated in karst area. To strengthen studies on karst ecological characteristics and degradation types can provide gist for ecological rehabilitation and reconstruction in karst area, but also can provide means for reference for other ecology area.In all research ways and means of modern ecology, landscape ecology is a newly intercross discipline to study interaction between spatial pattern and ecological processes, it is a new offset of macro ecological researches. Landscape ecology regard climate, physiognomy, rock and soil, vegetation and hydrology as 5 elements making up of landscape, and take this inter landscape making up of these 5 factors as research object, to find various natural factors and human activities influence on the formation, distribution and change of landscape patterns by the analyzing the distribution and formation and change. The development of landscape ecology is rapid and its application is more and more these years, this characteristics embody mostly as follows: 1 provide landscape spatial pattern indexes for character analyses of landscape elements; 2 construct landscape pattern analyses models for landscape integer analyses; 3 construct simulation model of landscape dynamic change. Landscape ecology embodies progress trends of ecological research in present ages from microcosmic to macro, from determining the nature to determine quantitatively and from the application of linear methods to nonlinear methods. But the sampling data of landscape ecology is quite gigantic, the construction of landscape spatial pattern indexes and analyses model and simulation model need a great number calculation. Therefore this paper researches landscape patterns of Chongqing karst area based on GIS method’s technic character and mighty operation in order to construct a relative intact landscape pattern model to provide gist for the ecological rehabilitation and reconstruct of Chongqing karst area.The bareness area of carbonate rock of southwest China is 41.05+1004km2, it is the biggest karst continuum strip. The bareness carbonatite rock in Chongqing is about 3.91 X 104km2, makes up of 50% of the overall land, and distributes mostly at northeast (include Three Gorges reservoir area) and southeast counties of Chongqing. This paper adopts the land use state in2000a(l: 3+104), the soil chart (1:6+104)and hectometer contour reliefmap(include Three Chongqing area) of Chongqing and geology map(l: 6+104) of Sichuan province as basic analytical data, measure landscape patches into 7 types including cultivated land, orchard, forestland, unused land, grassland, resident and industry land, water bodies according to land use state basing on land use types, make the landscape map of Chongqing karst area by GIS software. In the end, this paper analyzes landscape patterns by adopting landscape pattern indexes methods which更多还原