从康德式“道德建构主义”走向“政治建构主义”

【作者】 彭定友；

【导师】 岳长龄；

【作者基本信息】 中共中央党校 ， 外国哲学， 2003， 硕士

【副题名】罗尔斯“公平正义”思想的立场转换

【摘要】 著名学者萨缪尔·弗里曼说，罗尔斯的一生一直“为一个合理的信仰所指导——正义的社会从其现实性来看是可能的”。从《正义论》到《政治自由主义》，罗尔斯不断修正其正义理论，展示了其追求正义的坚定信念和顽强精神。 本文试图从“道德建构主义”与“政治建构主义”的解释方式和立场这一角度探讨罗尔斯的“公平正义”思想，力求廓清其理论背景，考察其与康德伦理学的关联承续，疏通其从康德式“道德建构主义”走向“政治建构主义”的内在理路，剖析其立场转换的得失，以期对罗尔斯“公平正义”思想的变化脉络作—鸟瞰式的粗笔勾勒。 文章认为，罗尔斯的“公平正义”思想发生了从“道德建构主义”向“政治建构主义”的立场转换。在《正义论》和“杜威讲演”时期，罗尔斯的方案可描述为“康德式的道德建构主义”。他的“正义即公平”理论和康德的建构主义伦理学一脉相承。康德伦理学的要点是把每个人都看作自由、自主和平等的主体，道德原则不是从外部世界强加于人的，不是为了取得物质利益所采用的手段。这些原则是人们在平等条件下自由自主地做出的选择。罗尔斯把自由自主的选择说成是一个自我建构道德体系的行为，他因此称康德的伦理学为建构主义。正义原则是建构主义的，是因为我们首先被要求建构一种公平的程序。理想的事情是：如果程序是公平的，那么结果亦将是公平的。正义原则又是康德式的，是因为罗尔斯像康德一样试图不依赖于变幻莫测的人性来证明道德原则的合法性。 由于受到一些哲学家的批评，以及“理性多元论事实”的存在，罗尔斯逐渐认识到：《正义论》围绕“公平正义”这一核心理念所建构的自由主义正义理论还只是一种仿康德式的自由主义道德哲学。在现代民主社会理性多元论的状态下，它难以获得作为公共理性之基础的基本理念的普遍性。因此，他在《政治自由主义》中将其正义论伦理学转换为一种适应社会基本结构的政治的正义观念，即从康德式的“道德建构主义”走向“政治建构主义”。“政治建构主义”是一种关于政治观念之结构和内容的观点。一旦达到反思平衡，政治正义的原则（内容）就可以描述为某种建构程序（结构）的结果，在这一山原初状态所塑造的程序中，合理的行为主体——作为公民的代表并服从理性的条件——选择公共正义原则来规导社会的基本结构。这一程序具体体现了实践理性的所有相关要求，并告诉我们正义的原则是如何从实践理性原则中推导出来的，那些实践理性原则是与社会观念和个人观念，以及实践理性的理念本身联系在一起的。这样，罗尔斯通过寻求这种作为独立观点的政治正义观念，使之超脱于各种“完备性学说”之上，同时又得到这些学说和社会公民的重叠共识，意欲以此解决自由民主社会的正义与稳定问题。 文章最后探讨罗尔斯“公平正义”思想之立场转换的得失，指出了其理论的限度，也对其理论的巨大价值及其对正义的不懈求索精神给予了高度的肯定。更多还原

【Abstract】 Samuel Freeman, a well-known scholar, said that John Rawls was guided bya rational believe through out his life--A just society is realistically possible.From A Theory of Justice to Political Liberalism, John Rawls had been revising his theory of justice continuously, and this showed his firm belief and his indomitable spirit of pursuing justice.This thesis tries to probe into John Rawls’ thought of "justice as fairness" by the way of the explanation and the standpoints of "moral constructivism" and "political constructivism", expecting to clear its theoretic background, to review its relations with Kant’s ethics, to dredge the intrinsic clue of its changes from "Kantian moral constructivism" to "political constructivism", and finally to anatomize its success and failure of its changing standpoints, through which to outline the changing process of John Rawls’ thought.This thesis thinks that John Rawls’ thought of "justice as fairness" experienced a shift from "moral constructivism" to "political constructivism". During the period of A Theory of Justice and "Dewey Lectures", John Rawls’ scenario can be described as "Kantian moral constructivism". His theory of "justice as fairness" just come down in one continuous line from Kant’s constructivism ethics. The main point of Kant’s ethics is that every single person should be regarded as free, independent and equal being, the ethical disciplines should not be posed on him from outside, and should not be an only means by which man gain his loaves and fishes. These disciplines are active choice made freely and independently by man in condition of equality. Rawls regard free and independent active choice as the action of self-construction of moral system. He thus called Kant’s ethics constructivism. Justice disciplines are also constructivism, because we are firstly required to construct a kind of procedure of fairness, the perfect thing is: if the procedure is fair, it’s result is sure to be fair. Justice disciplines are also Kantian, because Rawls tried hard to prove the reasonableness of the moral disciplines without the interference of the changeablehuman nature, just like Kant.Apart from the existence of "the fact of reasonable pluralism", Rawls was also criticized by some philosophers, so he gradually realized A Theory of Justice, in which the justice disciplines of liberalism is constructed, based on the core idea of "justice as fairness", is still only a Kantian moral philosophy of liberalism. In condition of modern democratic social reasonable pluralism, it is hard to get the universality of the basic theory as the base of public reason, thus, in Political Liberalism, he changed his idea of moral justice into political conception of justice, which is adopted universally by the social basic constructure, that is, from "Kantian moral constructivism" to "political constructivism". "Political constructivism" is a view about the structure and content of a political conception. It says that once, if ever, reflective equilibrium is attained, the principles of political justice (content) may be represented as the outcome of a certain procedure of construction (structure). In this procedure, as modeled by the original position, rational agents, as representatives of citizens and subject to reasonable conditions, select the public principles of justice to regulate the basic structure of society. This procedure, we conjecture, embodies all the relevant requirements of practical reason and shows how the principles of justice follow from the principles of practical reason in union with conceptions of society and person, themselves ideas of practical reason. By seeking for his freestanding view of political conception of justice, mading it exceed various kinds of comprehensive doctrines and gains their overlapping consensus from the doctrines and the social citizens, Rawls expected to settle the problem of justice and stability of free democratic society.The thesis finally discusses the success and loss of Rawls’ standpoints changing process of "justi更多还原