论我国企业的"走出去"战略

【作者】 伍菊英；

【导师】 潘德平；

【作者基本信息】 西南财经大学 ， 国际贸易， 2002， 硕士

【摘要】 一、研究我国企业“走出去”的意义1999年9月27日，江泽民同志在“99全球《财富》论坛·上海”开幕晚会的讲话中指出：我希望，中国的企业要学习外国企业的先进经验，走出去在经济全球化的浪潮中经风雨见世面，增强自身的竞争力。根据目前公开发表的资料来看，这是第一次使用“走出去”的概念。2000年3月，江泽民同志在同出席九届人大三次会议的上海代表座谈时指出：随着我国经济的不断发展，我们要积极参与国际竞争，并努力掌握主动权，必须不失时机地实施“走出去”战略，把“引进来”和“走出去”紧密结合起来，更好地利用国内外两种资源，两个市场。这样做，有利于在更广阔的空间里进行经济结构调整和资源优化配置，从而不断增强我国经济发展的动力和后劲，促进我国经济的长远发展。他还指出：要鼓励和支持优秀企业逐步扩大对外投资，开展跨国经营，通过建立海外销售网络、生产体系和融资渠道，促进企业在更大范围内进行专业化、集约化和规模化的跨国经营，加快培育我们自己的跨国公司，努力促进我国经济在参与国际经济合作与竞争中迈出新的步伐。在以江泽民同志为核心的党中央正确领导下，全党和全国正在有计划、有组织地研究和实施“走出去”的开放战略。改革开放二十多年来，我们积累了较为丰富的“引进来”的经验，而“走出去”作为跨世纪的新的战略选择，其中还有许多问题需要我们研究与探索。因此，结合实际，针对我国企业“走出去”的现状和存在的问题，研究我国企业怎样更好地实施“走出去”战略有着重要的现实意义。笔者希望本论文能通过对企业在“走出去”时应采用的策略和应注意的问题的探讨，为我国企业实施“走出去”开放战略尽绵薄之力。二、论文的框架与内容本文分为六章：第一章 我国企业“走出去”概况<WP=3>该部分内容简单介绍了我国企业在改革开放二十多年来“走出去”的发展阶段及特点。重点放在企业在“走出去”的过程中暴露出来的一些问题的探讨总结上。这些问题主要包括在对外投资领域上，贸易型企业比重过大，而生产型境外企业、资源开发型境外企业太少；我国企业对外投资规模普遍较小发展后劲不足，抵御风险的能力较差；我国企业对外投资宏观管理体制严重滞后，部门分割，各自为政，缺乏统一且透明的政策；企业微观管理存在很大缺陷，尤其是国际化人才极度缺乏。第二章 我国企业“走出去”的动因分析本章主要说明我国企业为何要“走出去”及“走出去”的可能性。文章首先解释了什么是“走出去”战略及江泽民同志对“走出去”战略内涵的深刻的解释。接下来，文章阐明了我国企业“走出去”的理论基础。因为目前有许多人对我国企业“走出”国门持怀疑或否定态度，认为“走出去”的条件尚不成熟；具有代表性的两种观点是“资金不足论”和“技术落后论”。笔者对这两种观点进行了否定，并且说明竞争优势的相对性和动态性，支持我国企业大胆 “走出去”。企业“走出”国门，对国家经济和企业本身的发展都有着极其重要的作用。 经过20多年的改革开放，我国综合国力日益提高，2001年国内生产总值已达95933.3亿元人民币，对外贸易规模也不断扩大，外汇储备已高达2000亿美元。除此之外，我国的一些产业和产品已具有一定的比较优势，实力正不断增强。这些都为我国企业“走出去”奠定了基础。 2001年中国正式加入世界贸易组织，这进一步强化了我国企业实施“走出去”战略的必要性；同时，为我国企业“走出去”提供了有利的国际环境和条件。第三章 阻碍我国企业“走出去”的原因分析本章列举了阻碍我国企业“走出去”的一些原因，尤其值得注意的是企业机制僵化、政府的宏观管理混乱及从事跨国经营的人员素质<WP=4>低。第四章 消除我国企业“走出去”阻碍因素及应对之策市场经济的主体是企业，只有具有国际竞争力的企业才能在激烈的世界市场竞争中取胜。我国企业规模普遍较小，根据世界跨国公司发展的实践看，要成功“走出去”与国外大型的跨国公司相抗衡，必须加快组建和发展具有国际竞争力的大公司和企业集团，并注意培育各类企业的国际竞争优势。针对我国极其缺乏跨国经营所需的国际化人才这一阻碍因素，文章提醒企业应注意更多地培养跨国经营人才。与各大专院校联合办学，为企业储备后备人才也是获取所需人才非常不错的途径。当然，最值得一提的是“走出去”的企业应充分利用当地员工。这样做的好处是：人员当地化节约了调控成本；当地人员与政府关系密切，了解市场，更容易了解当地顾客的消费心理；帮助当地政府部分地解决了就业问题，势必融洽企业与政府的关系。而这一切都是总部派驻人员短时间内难以做到的。在协作型竞争的大趋势下，我国企业要借鉴国际上一些大的跨国公司的成功经验，以资本和品牌为纽带，强强联合，组建跨行业、跨所有制的大集团、大公司，形成各类战略联盟，提高我国大型企业的国际竞争力。第五章 有关我国企业“走出去”的几个关键问题第一个问题：强化跨国化的经营观念，包括强化跨国化的商品、质量、市场、竞争和法制观念。它对企业跨国经营的成败至关重要。第二个更多还原

【Abstract】 The strategy of "Going Out" is first brought forward by President Jiang Zemin. He pointed out that we must take active part in international competition, and go out to utilize the foreign resources and world market. In this way, we will carry out the adjustment of economic structure and optimize resources in wider fields. Accordingly it will strengthen impetus and stamina of economic development in a long run. President Jiang also pointed out that we must encourage and support excellent enterprises to execute the strategy of "going out" and establish sales network, manufacture system, financing channel in foreign markets. At the same time we must cultivate our multinational corporations and strive to participate in international economy corporations and competitions for the economy prosperity.After the execution of the reform and open policy , we accumulated many experiences of "introducing into",but the strategy of "going out" is a new subject for us .So there are a lot of problems to study and probe.Thereby the author wants to study those enterprises that have invested abroad, and find out the existent problems. The topic is of great importance for those enterprises that want to "go out" to invest and improve themselves. I hope the issue will have some help for them.The paper contains six chapters.Chapter One introduces the general situations of "going out" of China’s enterprises. This part pays emphasis on existent problems. These problems include: 1. In the field of investment, the proportion of trade enterprises is too large and that of manufacturing enterprises and enterprises of resources exploitation is too small. It shows that China’s enterprises are lack of experiences of "going out". 2. The universal investment scale is so small that the enterprises are lack of the power to develop and the capability to resist risk. 3. The management system of the<WP=7>government lags, and the departments are divided factitiously. There is lack of consistent and bright policy. 4. The microcosmic management of enterprises has defect, especially the persons with ability up on international markets are too few.Chapter Two discusses why Chinese enterprises must "go out" and the possibility of "going out". The strategy of "going out" refers to making products, services, capitals, technologies, labor forces and management of Chinese enterprises even the enterprises themselves "go out" to invest and establish factories, and to participate in international competition and corporation.Then the paper illustrates the theory basis of "going out". At present, there are two representative viewpoints: "the theory of capital shortage" and "the theory of technology lag". The author refutes the above viewpoints and narrates that the competitive advantages are relative and dynamic.Undoubtedly, the "going out" of enterprises will benefit not only the enterprises themselves but also the whole country. In 2001, the Gross Domestic Product of China is 9593.33 billions RMB. The foreign exchange reserve rises to $200 billions. Besides, some industries have possessed relative comparative advantages and the strength is being built up. All these favorable conditions are the basis of "going out".China’s entry into WTO aggrandizes the need of enterprises to "go out", and provides more favorable international conditions.Chapter Three enumerates several obstacle factors, such as rigid enterprises mechanism, and turbid government administration, etc.Chapter Four discusses how to surmount the obstacles. Firstly, we should develop grand corporations and enterprises group with international advantages and foster international competitive advantages of all kinds of enterprises. Then enterprises should train employees during the work, and collaborate with colleges to cultivate outstanding personnel. Another<WP=8>method is to hire persons in host countries. Lastly, we encourage enterprises to set up strategic alliances by capital and commodity brand, regardless of industry and system.Chapter Five mainly discusses se更多还原