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国际直接投资的发展现状与我国的应对策略

【作者】 梁艳

【导师】 刘崇仪;

【作者基本信息】 西南财经大学 , 国际贸易学, 2002, 硕士

【摘要】 一、选题的背景及意义随着全球经济一体化步伐的加快,国际资本的跨国流动日趋活跃。国际投资,特别是国际直接投资,在不断自由化和全球化的世界经济中发挥着日趋重要的作用,成为世界经济中极其活跃的组成部分。国际直接投资的规模、流向和结构的迅速变化对世界各国的经济增长、国际收支平衡、产业结构调整、企业国际竞争力乃至一国经济持续稳定发展产生了重要影响。改革开放以来,引进和利用外资一直是我国的基本国策和重要战略之一。实施这一战略,使我国在较短时间内解决了经济建设中资金不足及技术、管理水平落后等问题,进出口规模和经济增长速度令世人瞩目。据对外经贸部门最新统计,截止2001年6月底,全国累计批准外商投资项目376318个,协议外资金额7101.28亿美元,实际使用外资3693.15亿美元。但近几年,中国利用外商直接投资一直呈徘徊和下滑态势,利用外资结构调整缓慢,经济效益滑坡,对国民经济的推动力相应减弱。在经济全球化和我国加入世界贸易组织的背景下,如何调整我国引进外资政策,与WTO规则相衔接,优化外商直接投资结构,提高外资利用效益,更好地参与国际分工,这些都是摆在我们面前迫切需要解决的问题。合理引进外资只是国际直接投资的一个重要方面,另一方面就是对外直接投资。宏观层面上,我国在资金、技术、管理和营销等方面并不具备明显的竞争优势。但随着我国经济的不断发展,各方面实力不断增强,某些行业的某些企业确实具备了跨国投资的比较或绝对优势,如首钢、中化、中信等公司在海外的跨国投资就非常成功。但必须承认这是低水平上的快速发展,无论在经营方向、市场战略、经营成本还是投资规模以及资产结构方面,与国际跨国公司相比仍有天壤之别。过去我们主要开放市场、吸收外资、引进技术并提高产业梯次,今后理应借助已取得的成就主动出击,采取灵活机动的方式实行跨国经营。<WP=3>总之,世界经济发展同时出现两种趋势:一是经济趋向全球化;二是经济区域化、集团化与各国经济竞争的加剧。争夺市场的主要手段逐渐由以商品输出为主变为以技术资本输出为主,由进出口贸易主导转为以跨国资本营运为主。贸易与投资自由化是国际多边贸易机制的行动目标,也将是21世纪全球经济一体化的重要推动力,我们一方面对吸引外资要继续做到从重数量、重审批和重速度向重质量、重结构、重管理和重效益的方向转变;一方面应广泛地参与国际化经营,在投资自由化的国际浪潮中获得更多的国际资源和市场份额,从而使我国的国际直接投资事业更健康地向前发展,为促进经济发展发挥愈来愈大的作用。二、论文的框架与内容本文由四章组成,其框架与内容有以下几个方面:第一章“国际直接投资的新特点”。笔者着重论述了20世纪90年代以来国际直接投资发展的新特点及其形成原因。世界经济发展及国际经济格局的调整,深刻地影响着国际资本流动的规模、结构和方向,也使国际直接投资发生了许多引人注目的新变化。1. 国际直接投资保持较快速度增长,投资规模空前扩大。2. 发达国家之间的资本双向渗透仍占主流,流向发展中国家的资本很不平衡。3. 国际直接投资的产业结构逐步升级,高新技术产业和第三产业受到青睐。4. 跨国并购浪潮席卷全球,成为国际直接投资的主要形式。5. 国际直接投资主体多元化,发展中国家对外直接投资异军突起。第二章“国际直接投资理论的发展演变”。笔者按照理论发展的脉络,逐一叙述了各个有代表性理论提出的背景、主要观点、意义,及其评价,共分为四节。第一节“早期的三大国际直接投资理论”,包括垄断优势理论、产品周期理论和内部化理论。第二节“综合性折衷理论范式的形成”,国际直接投资理论于60年代初期由海默提出,其后经过弗农、巴克利、小岛清等人的发展,到70年代后期终于由邓宁完成了国际直接投资的一般理论。第三节“发展中国家对外直接投资理论的兴起”,进入80年代以来,发展中国家、尤其是新兴工业化国家<WP=4>在国际直接投资领域异军突起,扮演着越来越重要的角色。传统的各种理论不能充分科学地解释这一现象,于是许多学者就另辟蹊径,纷纷提出自己关于发展中国家对外投资的理论,其中作出重要贡献的首推威尔士提出的小规模技术理论和拉奥提出的技术地方化理论。第四节“国际直接投资理论的最新发展”,近年来,经济全球化浪潮方兴未艾,国际直接投资起到了推波助澜的作用。不论是发达国家,还是发展中国家,都加快了对外投资的步伐。这促使许多经济学家试图从不同角度来解释世界各国的对外投资行为,以投资诱发要素组合理论和竞争优势理论对国际直接投资理论最有代表性。第三章“我国利用外商直接投资”。外商直接投资已成为我国国民经济的重要组成部分,发挥着越来越重要的作用,从多方面对我国的经济产生着深刻的影响。第一节“我国利用外商直接投资的现状”,笔者从国际直接投资的来源、产业结构、地区结构、投资方式、投资动机等五个方面分析了在华外商直接投资的现状及特点。第二节“我国利用外商直接投资的战略对策”,笔者从三个方面提出切实可行的措施建议。1. 优化外商直接投资结构,包括产业?

【Abstract】 1. Background and Significance of the ThemeWith the accelerating globalization of economy and liberalization of investment, international capital flow has greatly progressed and some new trends have arisen in this field. International Investment, especially Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), has played more and more important roles in the world economy. The scale, direction, and structure of FDI significantly influence a nation’s economic development, balance of payments, industrial structure and international competition.Since our country carried out the policy of opening to the outside world, introducing and utilizing foreign direct investment has been our basic national policy and important strategy. FDI has made a great contribution to our economic construction, such as supplementing capital, enhancing technical level, improving management, and increasing export scales. But in recent years, the actuality of utilizing FDI has been wandering and descending, for instance, the adjustment of FDI structure has slackened, the economic efficiency has decreased and its function of impelling economy has weakened. In the background of economic globalization and China’s entry into WTO, how to adjust our policy of introducing FDI, link up with WTO regulations, optimize FDI structure, and enhance efficiency of foreign capital are problems in dire need of settlement. Reasonably introducing FDI is only one side of foreign direct investment, the other side is making direct investment in foreign countries. Though China has no obvious competitive advantages in capital, technology, management, and marketing, some enterprises have possessed relative or absolute advantages and achieved great success in foreign direct investment. However there are enormous differences in investment scale, capital structure, market strategy, and technical level between<WP=7>China’s and international transnational corporations. Henceforth, we should pay more attention to the direct investment in foreign countries, and adopt flexible measure to improve it.In conclusion, there are two trends of the world economic development: one is world economy globalization and the other is regional economy groupalization. The main measure of scrabbling for market has gradually turned from commodity export into technology and capital output. Liberalization of trade and investment is the aim of international multilateral trade mechanism and the important impetus of economic globalization. We should adjust policies on introducing FDI on one hand, and actively participate in the internationalization affairs on the other hand.2.Structure and Contents of the thesisThe paper is composed of four chapters.The first chapter is "the new characteristics of foreign direct investment". The author discusses the new characteristics and the reasons of foreign direct investment. The development of world economy and adjustment of international economic pattern influence the scale, structure, and direction of international capital flow, and make FDI bring about many noticeable changes. (1) Foreign direct investment grows rapidly and its scale expands unprecedentedly. (2) Bi-directional capital flow between developed countries is the mainstream, and capital flow into developing countries is imbalance. (3) The industrial structure of FDI gradually upgrades, and high technology industry and the third industry gain favor. (4) Transnational merger and acquisition becomes the main mode of FDI. (5) Foreign direct investment of developing countries develops rapidly and successfully. The second chapter is "the evolvement of FDI theories". According to the development of theories, the author discusses the background, main<WP=8>viewpoints, and estimation of each representative theory. The first section is "the early three FDI theories", including Monopolistic Advantage Theory, Lifecycle Product Theory, and Intemalization Theory. The second section is "the forming of Theory of International Production Compromise". After S. Hymer brought forward the theory of FDI in

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