分工、市场与中介组织

【作者】 张雁；

【导师】 李萍； 程民选；

【作者基本信息】 西南财经大学 ， 政治经济学， 2002， 硕士

【摘要】 随着我国社会主义市场经济的发展，尤其在我国刚刚加入WTO的阶段，经济体制建设中大量存在着如何与发达市场经济良好接轨的问题。在不断完善我国的市场经济体制，逐步转换政府职能的过程中，如何改进和发展我国社会主义市场中介组织的问题变得日益重要和突出。凡是市场经济，无论是在什么基本经济制度下，除了生产和消费之间的直接交易，更大量地存在着由各种中介组织来完成的交易，而且这些中介随着市场经济的发展也愈来愈错综复杂，表现出一个动态的变化发展过程。那么，在市场经济中何以会出现如此众多的中介来媒介生产与消费，使交易愈加复杂，而不是直接完成二者的转换？是什么力量导致生产和消费之间出现各种各样的中介组织？又为何市场中介是一个不断发展变化着的形式？其种类和数量由哪些因素决定？我国需要不需要市场中介组织？如果需要，需要怎样的市场中介组织？我们又该如何在中国的社会主义市场经济中发展完善市场中介组织？这些问题，本文都进行了积极的探讨，并试图能够有所解答。分工是本文主要问题的汇合点，分工的深化形成市场的演变，而要解释中介的出现和发展，也离不开分工的深化。分工的深化一方面导致了市场的不断演进，另一方面又促使了中介组织的不断发展。分工作为中间桥梁，直接沟通了中介组织发展与市场演进的关系，即中介组织的发展过程与市场演进过程紧密相随，其共同的联结点就在于分工的不断深化。以历史的发展的逻辑来看，中介组织与市场的发展或演进无疑是一个制度变迁的过程。而新旧制度更迭的动力，仍来自于成本与收益的比较，即文中所说的：“分工收益大于分工成本便形成制度变迁的动力”。这一动力导致中介组织的出现，也是这一动力改变了分工的格局，形成了市场的演进。本文的分析表明：市场演进与中介组织产生发展的问题可以抽象地简化成为一个关于分工的问题，分工成为解释二者及其相互关系的关键。分工促使专业化组织出现和市场演进，但分工和市场演进又何以<WP=3>是一个渐进的过程，我们需要引入交易费用的概念。一定意义上讲，交易费用的大小决定了分工的深度，从而决定了专业化组织的规模、层次和市场的结构。或者我们可以说，市场的演进、专业化组织的发展是分工收益与交易费用之间力量对比的结果。现代经济学所要解决的一个中心问题是效率，本文在分析时，也是围绕效率来探讨中介组织的发生发展过程的。分工提高了交易的效率，增进了交易双方的福利，市场在分工的基础上产生，随着分工的深化而演进，市场效率不断得到了提高。中介组织是分工的结果，它的出现促进了交易效率的提高，它的规模和层次也随着分工的深化而不断改变，但能否提高效率，能否节约交易费用是其能否生存下来的根本。市场演进就是制度变迁的过程，中介组织的规模和层次是市场结构的重要组成部分，它伴随着市场的演进而发展，并以其改变而导致市场结构的变化即制度变迁，这实际上又是一个不断以高效率组织淘汰低效率组织的过程。因此，分工提高了交易效率是其推动专业化中介组织出现、市场演进和制度变迁的原因所在。另一方面，中介的产生及发展过程本身就是一个分工不断深化从而市场交易效率不断提高的过程，而要使中介组织有效率地运行，要使分工的进一步深化符合市场经济发展的要求，良好的制度环境是必不可少的，其中，明晰的、专一的、可以自由转让的产权制度是最为重要的制度变量。没有有效的产权制度作保障，分工后的结果往往会偏离市场经济自身发展的需要，这种偏离无疑会降低市场所应有的效率。这样一来，我们再次通过分工，从制度安排的层面上解释了中介组织市场化发展的制度要求，从而为解决问题即如何进行相应的改革提供了答案。本文遵循马克思的有关思想，同时借鉴现代经济学的有关成果，运用规范分析与实证分析相结合的方法，从分工与市场的关系入手考察了中介组织产生与发展的基本脉络，将分工深化与制度变迁相结合说明了中介组织与制度安排之间的关系，解释了中介组织产生和发展的动力，并从制度安排的角度对当前我国中介组织发展滞后的主要根源给予了分析。 论文通过四部分予以论述。在第一部分，首先从共性和特性两方<WP=4>面对中介、中介组织的概念给予了界定，明确了本文的研究对象。随后对市场中介组织的特点、分类及其在我国社会主义市场经济建设中的作用进行了详细的介绍。中介组织从本质上讲是一种“中间环节”、“中间阶段”，其运动方式是“过渡”，具有“动态”的性质。本文所研究的市场中介组织，是中介在经济领域的表现形式，具有独立性、客观性和公正性的特征。社会主义市场中介组织的作用则表现在服务、沟通、公证、监督四个方面。论文的第二部分，先从分工的角度说明了市场的演进：分工导致了市场的产生，当市场相对稳定的时候，分工的范围受制于市场范围，但分工的进一步深化会突破市场的限制并反过来推动市场的扩大，分工的范围便再次扩大……市场因而呈现出一个动态演进的过程，这一过程同时也是一个分工深化的过程。接下来，又从分工的角度说明了中介组织的产生：分工深化使生产与消费这两极之间的链条不断加长，?更多还原

【Abstract】 With the development of socialist market economy system and the participation in WTO, our nation is facing a flood of questions about how to match with the economy system of developed countries when we construct our own. In the process of improving our market economy system and commuting the function of government, the problem about how to develop Chinese socialist market intermediate organization better more become increasingly important.To all market economy system, besides the method of direct deal, the trade existed in the production and the consumption could also be accomplished by all sort of intermediate organizations. According to the development of market economy system, these intermediate organizations become more and more complicated and showing a motive evolutional process. Why are so much intermediate organizations existed in the market? Why the trade is dealed by the intermediate organization besides the directly deal? What kind of power promoted the generation of all these intermediate organizations? Why the intermediate organizations presenting a continually changed form? What determined the intermediate organization’s type and quantity? Do China need the intermediate organization? If need, what kind of intermediate organizations is needed? how to develop and perfect the intermediate organizations under the reform of Chinese socialist market economy system? All of these questions are being discussed with an attempt to answer in this paper. The division of labor is the meeting point of main problems<WP=7>discussed in this paper. The deepening process of the division of labor formed the evolution of the market. We couldn’t even explain the generation and development of the intermediate organization if ignored the deepening process of the division of labor. The division of labor lead the evolution of market on one hand, it promoted the development of the intermediate organization on the other hand. The division of labor worked as a bridge that directly connected the evolution of market with the development of the intermediate organization. Thus the relationship between the development process of the intermediate organization and the process of the market evolution become more intimate. The joint of them is the division of labor. If being studied with a historical and evolutional logic, the development process of market and the intermediate organization is doubtlessly a process of institutional changes. The motive power by which the new institution born and the old died are belong to the contrast between the reward and the cost of the division of labor. It means that when the reward of division of labor is much more than the cost of the division of labor, the surplus will become the motive power. The power generates the intermediate organization, changes the layout of the division of labor. market. Again, we found the important of the division of labor in our study: the problem of market evolution and the intermediate organization’s development can be abstractly simplified as a problem of the division of labor. The division of labor become the key point in our discussion. It is the division of labor that promoted the born of professional organization and the evolution of market. Why the division of labor and the market development take an evolutional method. To answer this question we must drew into the conception of transaction cost. The quantity of transaction cost determined the degree of the division of labor, and thus determined the professional organization’s scale,<WP=8>hierarchy and the market’s structure. The evolution of the market and the development of professional organization are all the result of the power contrast between the reward of the division of labor and the cost of it.Efficiency is one of the core problems in modern economics. This paper thought of the efficiency too when studying the development process of the intermediate organization. The division of labor improved the transaction efficiency and enhanced the welfare of each side. Market’s generation is更多还原