【作者】 徐国华；

【导师】 黄世祥；

【作者基本信息】 安徽农业大学 ， 农业经济管理学， 2002， 硕士

【摘要】 本文针对巢湖流域水污染现状和巢湖流域水污染治理实际，从以下几个方面对该流域水环境保护问题加以研究：1．巢湖流域水污染现状与历史成因。2．巢湖水污染治理的制度分析。3．巢湖水污染治理的主体分析。4．巢湖水污染治理技术分析。5．经济转轨时期巢湖水污染治理的困难与对策。6．一个工具——巢湖水污染治理决策支持系统。 本文研究的目的有两个。一是从新古典经济学和新制度经济学的角度，探讨巢湖流域水污染的制度根源、水环境产权安排对水资源配置的影响、水环境制度优化选择及变迁；从信息经济学的角度研究水环境治理主体的行为机制；分析水环境治理技术供求双双不足的因素及水环境治理技术创新机制；剖析经济转轨时期巢湖水污染治理的难点并提出对策建议。二是以计算机技术为手段，研究巢湖流域水污染综合治理决策支持系统的构建，主要是总体分析、软硬件分析和功能分析，并着重研究如何在背景库为1:5万图库的实际下，以属性数据仓库为支撑，建立WEBCIS的框架。 第一部分从简要介绍巢湖流域特征开始，分析巢湖流域董铺水库、9条主要出入湖河道、湖区的水质现状，并分析巢湖流域水污染历史成因：农业地面径流；水土流失和径流；工业和市政污水；裕溪河闸；缺少充分的预防活动。 第二部分试图利用新古典经济学和新制度经济学的方法对水环境制度作一分析。分析水环境问题的制度根源(直接根源为市场失灵，间接根源为政府失灵)；比较各类水环境制度(治理手段)，重点是经济制度中的庇古手段、水环境产权界定及科斯手段中的排污权交易，概括出现行的排污收费制度的缺点和水污染权交易的优点；在假定水环境质量不是纯粹公共产品，而具有社区公共产品的前提下，分析水环境污染中各主体的利益关系，指出被污染者在各种经济制度之中都会存在的不利地位，进而分析水环境制度优化选择(指出这是一种次优选择)；在巢湖流域水环境制度的历史演进背景下(重点考察水环境法律法规、水环境经济政策和政府规划)，探寻水环境制度变迁与水环境保护的互动影响。 第三部分分析巢湖水环境各治理主体的行为机制。重点从信息经济学角度考察政府间在无纳什均衡情况下的混合策略均衡，给出了一个搏弈分析模型，结论是：要想长期解决巢湖流域水环境问题，必须加强对上级政府的监督；同时分析了乡镇企业和大中型企业及农户的行为特征：结合寻租理论，导出各方博奔后的结果，即巢湖水污染治理中经常出现的“反弹”、“相互要挟”和“政府失灵”。 第四部分先研究巢湖水污染治理目前采用的治理技术及各级政府有关部门的规划中采用的治理技术（主要是为减少来自农业流失、生活用水中的含磷洗涤剂、工业和市政污水中的水污染），再分析巢湖水污染治理技术需求和供给双双不足的制约因素，最后分析企业、科研机构及公众的水环境保护技术创新作用机制。 第五部分分析了巢湖流域经济转轨时期水环境保护面临的困难（市场与政府皆陷入无效状态；工业化与现代化的巨大压力；流域经济发展不平衡加剧与大量贫困人口存在），并提出了巢湖流域现阶段水污染治理的对策建议 （确立科学合理的水环境保护目标；改革环保管理体制，强化政府作用，实行一元化管理；积极发挥产权在水环境治理中的作用；要重视贫困对环境问题的影响：积极参与地区与国际合作：加强环境审计）。 第六部分先介绍了空间决策支持系统，然后提出“基于 GIS的巢湖流域水环境综合治理决策支持系统”的构建方案，重点是空间数据库、属性数据仓库的设计以及模型库的组织，并给出了功能分析（流域社会、经济、资源、环境数据管理功能；水环境综合分析与评价功能；水环境动态监测功能；辅助决策分析功能；辅助制订规划功能）。最后根据巢湖流域水污染综合治理决策支持系统数据库的建设与应用应有的特点和要求（重点是满足1：5万图库的需要），提出一种基于数据仓库的WEBGIS的框架。该框架以全关系型数据模式为基础数据模式，以遥感数据更新和批量处理为空间数据库提供时间维度支持，将基于属性数据仓库联机分析后的主题数据与空间数据进行绑定，并在元数据的支持下，通过 WEB服务器与客户端进行数据交换，实现 OPEN GIS的互操作。更多还原

【Abstract】 The essay is based on the situation of the water environment pollution and its protection in the Chaohu basin. We could research some problems in these fields:1 The situation and the historic reason of the water environment pollution in the Chaohu basin. 2.The analysis on the institution of the water environment protection in the Chaohu basin. 3.The analysis on the participants in the water environment protection in the Chaohu basin. 4.The analysis on the technology in the water environment protection in the Chaohu basin. 5. The difficulties and the solutions in the water environment protection in the Chaohu basin when the economic institutions are transforming. 6. One tool:the DSS (Decision support system) for the water environment protection in the Chaohu basin.The research has two objects. One object is to find the institution reason and the institution selection with the method of the neoclassic economics and the new-institution economics,to find how the allocation of the property right exert the influence on the allocation of the water resource,to research the participants" action mechanism,to analyze the elements of the deficiency in exchange of the management technology,to analyze the mechanism of the technology innovation,to analyze the difficulties of the water environment protection and to give some suggestion. Another object is to research the construction of the DSS for the water environment protection with the support of the computer technology,to analyze the whole structure,to find the hardware structure and the software structure,and to find the scheme of building the structure of the WEBGIS.In the first part,we present the feature in the Chaohu basin and analyze the water quality of the Dongpu reservoir and the 9 rivers in the Chaohu basin,toanalyze the historic reason of the water pollution:the surface flow in relation with agriculture,the loss of water and soil,the industry and domestic sewage,the Chaohu Floodgate,the lack of the enough preventive measures.In the second part,we try to analyze the water environment institution with the method of neoclassic economics and new institution economics. We analyze the institutional reason in the problem of the water pollution (The direct reason is the failure of the market method while the indirect reason is the failure of the government method),and we compare each water environment institution (or in other word,the protective method),among which the focus is the Pigou method,one of the economic institutions. So are the definition of property right related to water environment and the exchange of the right of pollution,which can be regarded as one of the Koase methods. We also presume that the water environment quality is not a sort of pure public product but a sort of public product belonged to some regions. With this presumption we analyze the benefit relation in the protection of the water environment and the selection of the water environment institutions. After presenting the history of the water environment institution in the Chaohu basin,we seek the interaction between the institutional transformation and the protection of the water environment.In the third part,we analyze the action mechanism of the participants in the protection of the water environment. Firstly,we research the mixed strategy equilibrium between the governments. Secondly,we research the characteristic of the action played by firms and peasants. Thirdly,we deduce the interact effect:the failure of the government method.In the fourth part,firstly,we discuss the management technology used in the protection of the water environment and the management technology included inthe governments’ plan in which the main method is to decrease the water pollutions brought by some sources,such as agriculture loss. P-bearing detergent in the sewage,etc. Then we analyze why the exchange of management technology is deficient. In the end,we analyze the mechanism of the management technology innovation in the protection of water environment.In the fifth part,we analyze t更多还原