【作者】 谢碧文；

【导师】 张耀光；

【作者基本信息】 西南师范大学 ， 动物学， 2002， 硕士

【摘要】 2001年10月至2002年4月，采用解剖学、组织学、组织化学和电镜技术对处于不同发育阶段、不同生理状态的南方鲇脑垂体的大体形态、组织结构、超微结构进行了较详细的研究，结果表明： 脑垂体可分为神经垂体和腺垂体两部分，神经垂体被腺垂体包围在中央。腺垂体又可分为前腺垂体、中腺垂体和后腺垂体，中腺垂体体积随性腺发育成熟而增大。垂体类型属于背腹型。 腺垂体有七种分泌细胞：促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）分泌细胞、催乳激素（PRL）分泌细胞、生长激素（GH）分泌细胞、促性腺激素（GtH）分泌细胞、促甲状腺激素（TSH）分泌细胞、促黑色素细胞刺激激素（MSH）分泌细胞和一种功能不明的大型泡状细胞。繁殖季节ACTH细胞分泌活动旺盛，分泌物颗粒数量、内质网、线粒体发生明显变化。GtH细胞在前、中、后腺垂体均有分布。光镜下，繁殖期分泌活动旺盛，细胞边缘出现空泡；繁殖后，分泌物已大量释放，空泡连成一片，占据细胞大部分区域。电镜下，细胞内具大型、小型和不规则形分泌物颗粒。根据分泌物颗粒和细胞生理活动变化的差异分为两类。GtH₁型细胞分泌物颗粒电子密度高；繁殖季节分泌物颗粒减少，线粒体发达，内质网扩大成空泡状；繁殖后，分泌颗粒已大量释放，细胞体积变小，核变形甚至消失。GtH₂型细胞分泌物颗粒电子密度低；繁殖季节高尔基体、粗面内质网发达；繁殖后，分泌颗粒大量释放，核变形。二者与生殖活动有密切关系。GH细胞在南方鲇垂体中由中腺垂体扩展到前腺垂体，根据超微结构和生理功能的差异也可分为两类。GH₁型细胞繁殖季节线粒体发达，分泌颗粒融合、变形并大量释放；繁殖后分泌颗粒释放殆尽，内质网膨大；该类细胞在其他鱼类未见报道，与生殖有关。GH2型细胞周年无明显变化，与生长有关。此外，南方鲇后腺垂体具大型泡状细胞，与其他鱼类明显不同。 南方鲇脑垂体源自胚胎原始口腔顶壁的上皮细胞团和间脑底部脑漏斗分离出来的细胞，分别形成腺垂体和神经垂体。初孵仔鱼原始口腔顶壁的上皮细胞团位于间脑底部， 谢碧文：南方贴脑垂体结构和发胃的研究 与脑漏斗接触；出膜后36h，上皮细胞团与脑漏斗结合，垂体己具雏形：出膜后48h， 腺垂体和神经垂体清晰可辩：出膜后62h腺垂体开始分化；出膜后4d又17h，腺垂体分 三部分，清晰可见下陷的第三脑室壁室管膜细胞与神经垂体中垂体细胞相连：出膜后6d 又6h，GH细胞分化：出膜后21d，前腺垂体细胞开始分化；出膜后30d，后腺垂体细胞 开始分化：出膜后36d，中腺垂体出现嗜碱性细胞；出膜后48d除oH细胞外，其他分 泌细胞均己分化；6月龄，分泌细胞分化完成，垂体形态结构与成鱼相似。1“龄和2”龄 幼鱼脑垂体只在前、中、后腺垂体体积及分泌细胞所占比例和部分细胞的超微结构上与6 月龄幼鱼有所差别。 综上所述，南方贴脑垂体结构和发育具如下特点：第一，与生长迅速相适应，GH细 胞分布广泛；第二，多种激素分泌细胞与生殖有关，是适应野生状态下，繁殖习性复杂 化的结果；第三，发育过程中，腺细胞分化较快。更多还原

【Abstract】 From October, 2001 to April, 2002, by means of anatomy, histology, histochemistry and transmission electron microscopy, the morphology, histological structure and ultrastructure of pituitary in different developmental stage and physiological status of southern catfish have been studied in detail. The results indicate that:There are two major portions of the pituitary, the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. The adenohypophysis is further divided into pre-adenohypophysis, Mesoadenohypophysis and Meta-adenohypophysis. The volume of Mesoadenohypophysis in the adenohypophysis increases with gonadal development and maturation. The neurohypophysis is enveloped by adenohypophysis. The type of pituitary in Silurus meridionalis belongs to dorsal-pelvic.The adenohypophysis is comprised of seven secreting cells, namely, corticotrophs, prolactin cell, gonadotrophs, growth hormone cell , thyrotrophs, melanophore stimulating hormone cell and big dunk cell. Corticotrophs secretes actively during reproductive season. The amount of secretion granules, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum change obviously. Gonadotrophs distribute in pre-adenohypophysis, Mesoadenohypophysis and Meta-adenohypophysis. Gonadotrophs secretes actively and the dunk appears in the edge of Gonadotrophs during reproductive season. The secretion granules are released and the dunks fuse and almost occupy all the place of Gonadotrophs after reproduction. Under electron microscopy, there are three types of secretion, that is, small granules, big granules and anomaly gobbet in Gonadotrophs. According to the secretion and the change of cell physiology, Gonadotrophs is divided into two types. In type one, the electron density of secretion granules is high, the amount of secretion granules decreases, mitochondria is abundant and endoplasmic reticulum expands during reproductive season; After reproduction, a great deal of the secretion is released, The volume of cell deceased and the shape of nuclelus changed or disappeared. In type two, the electron density of secretion granules was low, Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum flourishedduring reproductive season; after reproduction, a great deal of the secretion was released and the shape of nuclelus changed. They both related to reproduction. Growth hormone cell extended from pre-adenohypophysis to Mesoadenohypophysis. They are also divided into two types. In type one, mitochondria is abundant, the secretion granules fuses, then its shape changed, finally it was secreted during reproductive season; After reproduction, almost all secretion was released and en’doplasmic reticulum expanded. They are all relative to reproduction. The type two did not change during reproductive season. It relates to growth. In Meta-adenohypophysis, there is another type of cell: the big dunk cell.The pituitary of the southern catfish origins from the epithliu cells of the original cavum oris during embryo and from the cells which were separated from the infundibulum. The former composes the adenohypophysis and the latter forms the neurohypophysis. The epithelium cells of the original cavum oris located at the bottom of the diencphalon in just hatched juvenile and touched the infundibulum; by 36 hours after hatch, the epithelium cells zygosised with those cells which originated from the infundibulum and the primary pituitary gland was formed; by 48 hours the pituitary can be distinguished into two parts: adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis; by 62 hours the cells started to differentiate; by 4 days and 17 hours the adenohypophysis was divided into three portions and the relationships of the pituicytes and the ependyma cells from the third ventricle wall are obvious; by 6 days and 6 hours the growth hormone cells had differentiated; by 21 days the cells in pre-adenohypophysis started to differentiate; by 30 days the cells in Meta-adenohypophysis started to differentiate; by 36 days the basophils appeared in Mesoadenohypophysis; by 48 days the morphological endocrine cell types except for Gonadotrophs in adenohypophysis更多还原