【作者】 王玲萍；

【导师】 黄金水； 陈顺立；

【作者基本信息】 福建农林大学 ， 森林保护学， 2002， 硕士

【摘要】 研究结果表明：松材线虫病Bursaphelenchus xylophilus （Steiner et Buhrer）Nickle的主要传播媒介——松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus Hope在福建省以一年发生1代为主，以3～5龄幼虫在蛀道内越冬，极少数以低龄幼虫在树皮下越冬。4月上旬越冬幼虫在木质部内做一椭圆形蛹室化蛹，历时13～15d后成虫羽化。羽化后的成虫从蛹室向外咬圆形的羽化孔道，并在羽化孔内停留2～3d飞出，5月下旬、6月上旬是成虫羽化出孔的高峰期。成虫的雌雄性比为1。在林间，成虫寻找松稠嫩枝树皮补充营养，成虫喜欢在马尾松、黑松、雪松上停留，被迫取食时，对马尾松的取食量较其它树种显著。5～9d后开始交尾产卵，产卵前在树皮上咬刻槽，造成泪滴状松脂流下，一刻槽产卵1粒，少数可产2～4粒。卵期6～10d。幼虫孵化后取食松树内皮和韧皮部，在树皮外可见白色纤维状、褐色粉末状、粪便的混合物。3龄幼虫咬一长椭圆形蛀入孔进入木质部，此后树皮外不再出现蛀屑。幼虫在蛀入木质部前死亡率极高，只有31.68％能蛀入树干中，幼虫期易受白僵菌Beauveriabassiana侵染，寄生率高达40％以上。幼虫期260～310d。幼虫在韧皮部取食，加快松树枯死，每年6～10月是松墨天牛造成松树枯死的高峰期。对平潭黑松典型枯死木是否携带松材线虫进行取样鉴定，结果表明平潭黑松死亡不是由松材线虫引起。 松墨天牛幼虫的数量在6～18cm胸径的马尾松上随胸径的增大而增多；带虫株率随胸径的增大而减少；幼虫在树干上的分布数量下段（1～4m）＞中段（5～8m）＞梢段。树干2m以下带虫量占整株的20.35％，树干下端2m内有虫率达94.79％，因此，在虫情调查时可以调查2m以下的树干来估测全树的虫口密度。 松墨天牛幼虫在松林中聚集分布，分布的基本成分为个体群。用零频率方法分析得，松墨天牛种群类型为“聚集度零频率制约型”，并确定了林间调查的理论抽样数和简单序贯抽样分析表。 对于潭黑松（平均胸径不足8cm，平均树高不足5m）上松墨天牛羽化孔的调查发现，1m高处羽化孔数量最大，与4m以上高处有显著差异，说明1～3m高处内松墨天牛生长良好，最终羽化为成虫。成虫在黑松衰弱木上产卵，前一年的枯死木不再产卵，平均空刻槽数占总产卵刻槽的43.2％。 室内用斯氏线虫属Steinernema carpocapsae（Weiser,1955）Beijing，斯氏线虫属的Steinernema feltiae（Filipierm,1934）Otio，异小杆属的Heterorhabditis bacteriophora E-6-7，斯氏线虫属的Steinernema longicaudum D₄₂控制松墨天牛幼虫的侵染力试验，筛选出Beijing品系与Otio品系，在处理时以10000条线虫品系处理1头高龄的松墨天牛幼虫为佳。在 王玲萍 松材线虫病媒介昆虫—一松墨天牛的研究15 d即达 900以上。 用白僵菌 Beauveria bassianaFA、PH株系，绿僵菌对松墨大牛幼虫有显著的防治效果，林间可使用。用感染真菌的虫尸捣碎对松墨天牛的侵染力不大，可能主要是因为易受污染，抱子的存活率不够高，因此不可在林间使用。 用 10O毗虫咐粉剂 10 g＋1501水、24．5％全力乳油 800倍液、4．5O百虫宁乳油2 000倍液农药浸泡有松墨天牛的木段效果很好，浸泡 lh松墨无牛的死亡率达80％以上，而单用水浸，虽然有一定效果，试验进行到第32 d，累计死亡率才达引．9％，为防止松墨天牛扩散危害，在砍伐后的木段有条件可浸水中，在水中加少量的农药防治。 松墨天牛成虫是该虫唯一暴露生活的虫期，防治操作易进行，若能有效地防治成虫，将有效减少下一代的虫口发生数量，采用四种农药防治，效果高低顺序为 16％虫线清乳油～40％毒丝本乳油一灭虫灵门．8％齐螨素乳油)一二．5％敌杀死乳袖。16％虫线清乳油防治效果达l（）0％，是理想的防治成虫药剂，但在林间持效期有待进一步研究。 林间采用引诱剂引诱松墨天牛成虫既可起到监测的作用，又能结合化学防治杀死松墨天牛成虫。自配引诱剂引诱效果与M－99相当，引诱剂的原料在市面上容易买到，可在今后推广－自配的引诱剂。更多还原

【Abstract】 The result indicate: the main mass media, occurred one generation in Fujian, overwintering as 3-5instar larvae in boring tunnel, still a few low instar larvae in the bark. In the first April, the overwintering larva makes a oval papal chamber in xylem. After 13-15 days, the adult emerges. The adult snaps a circular eclosion hole from the pupal chamber. They often fly out after staying in the eclosion holes for 2-3 days. The amount of adults occur a peak in last May to first June. The female and male is 1 vs. 1. In forest, the adults look for spear extra-nutrition. They like to habitate on Pinus massoniana, P.thunbergii and Cedrus deodara, when forced to feed on the simple plants, the quantity they feeding on Pinus massoniana has outstanding variance with the other plants’. After 5-9 days they mate and lay the eggs in gap they gnawed. On the pine bark there are some teadrop-like pine resin flowing down for oviposition. Usually one egg is laid on a gap, few 2-4 eggs. The eggs last 6-10 days. The larvae feed on the bark inside and phloem after hatched and discharge the mixture composed with white fiber, brown power and feces to the bark. 3-instars bite a elongated oval boring hole to xylem, then the mixture disappear. Only 31.68% of the larvae can bore into xylem for the high mortality. The larvae are easy infested by Beauveria bassiana, the parasitic rate reach up to 40%. The larvae last 260-310 days. The larvae bore around the phloem, quickening the wither of pine. June to October per year is the time that the pine die for Monochamus alternatus Hope infested. By identified, the death of scrub pine in Pingtang are not caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer) Nickle.Studied on the pine with 6-18 cm DBH, the bigger the DBH, the more amount of the larvae in the trees, the less proportion of the infested tree. Quantity distributions of the larvae in the trunk is lower part (1-4 m)> middle part (5-8 m)>upper part. The amount of larvae in the trunk of less than 2 m are 20.35% of that in the whole trunk, and 94.79% proportion of the infested tree.Measured by clump intensity index, regressive analysis method and zero frequency method, the spatial pattern of Monochamus alternatus Hope is conferred to assemble distribution in pine forest, By zero frequency method, Monochamus alternatus Hope population was "zero frequency dependent". The optimal sampling number of forest survey was analyzed and calculated, and the sequential sampling analysis was presented.Investigating on the emerge hole of Monochamus alternatus Hope on scrub pine (with less than 8 cm DBH, less than 5 m average) in Pingtang, showed that Monochamus alternatus Hope grow well in 1-3 m of the base of the trunk, can develop to adults in the end. The female beetlesdeposit their eggs on weak pine. If the plants have withered since the last year, they oviposit on any longer. The adults bite the gap, sometimes haven’t laid the eggs. The gaps which have not eggs are 43.2% of the whole gaps.The infestation experiment on control of Monochamus alternants Hope’ high instars with the strains of Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser,1955) Beijing, Steinernema feltiae (Filipjerm,1934) Otio, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora E-6-7 and Steinernema longicaudum D42 is take in lab. The strains of Beijing Otio are screened to be the best. The most appropriate dose is 10 000 infesting nematodes per longicorn, the control effect can reach over 90%.The conspicuous effect is gained on the control Monochamus alternatus Hope larvae with the strains FA and PH of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. They can be applied in the forest. The death of infested is easily contaminated, the spores livability is low, if used in field can’t effect well.Soaking the wood block which carry the longicorn larvae with 10% Imidacloprid powder 10 g+water 150 /, 24.5%Quanli missible oil 800X or 4.5% Baichongning messible oil 2 OOOX effect well, the mortality of larvae reach over80% after one hour. But if soaking in water alone, the total mortality reach 81.9% until the更多还原