【作者】 连森阳；

【导师】 王光瑛；

【作者基本信息】 福建农林大学 ， 动物遗传育种与繁殖， 2002， 硕士

【摘要】 为进一步提高番鸭种蛋的孵化率，本研究以白番鸭种蛋为研究对象，对新鲜种蛋进行蛋质常规指标和生化指标分析，并通过扫描电镜揭示番鸭蛋壳的结构特点，同时结合孵化试验，测定各种蛋质指标与孵化成绩的相关性，编制番鸭蛋质评定标准，进行孵化验证，结果表明： 1．玉白壳种番鸭蛋孵化率(89.1％)显著高于青壳蛋(67.4％)(P＜0.05)，极显著高于砂壳蛋(48.7％)(P＜0.01)，因而应选择玉白壳种蛋入孵，淘汰青壳蛋、砂壳蛋。 2．在番鸭第一个产蛋期，选择蛋重在70.1～85.0g，蛋形指数在1.311～1.430，蛋比重在1.085～1.100的种蛋入孵较佳。 3．经孵化验证，按上述1、2两点制定的蛋质评定标准所选择的番鸭蛋孵化率(85.6％)，显著高于按肉眼常规选择种蛋的孵化率(78.9％)(P＜0.05)，表明蛋质评定标准具有实际应用价值。 4．经测定番鸭健胚蛋(正常出雏蛋)的壳厚宜在0.363±0.029mm，气孔数应达21.57±4.17个/0.25cm~2，才能保证胚胎正常发育。 5．番鸭种蛋在孵化温度37.8℃，相对湿度65～70％的条件下，胚蛋在7、14、21、28、32胚龄时失重率分别在2.00±0.33％、3.93±0.59％、5.62±0.82％、7.45±1.07％、8.64±1.25％较佳。 6．经扫描电镜对番鸭蛋壳超微结构观测：与其它禽蛋相似，蛋壳结构由内向外也分为五层：壳膜、乳锥层、柱状层、垂直晶体层和油质层。但番鸭蛋的壳膜不易区分内、外两层。番鸭因蛋壳性状不同(玉白壳蛋、青壳蛋、砂壳蛋)在超微结构上也有差别：砂壳蛋蛋壳在外表面、横断面、内表面均可观察到明显的异常结构(结构疏松，有较大孔洞)，而玉白壳蛋和青壳蛋蛋壳差别则表现在蛋壳内表面上(各乳锥均匀度和单个乳锥均有不同)；而健胚蛋与毛蛋(啄壳后死胚蛋)蛋壳超微结构也有不同，毛蛋的柱状层及乳锥层厚度均显著大于健胚蛋(P＜0.05)，因而柱状层和乳锥层对能否出雏影响较大。但以上五类蛋的壳膜厚度差异均不显著(P＞0.05)，表明壳膜厚度较为稳定。更多还原

【Abstract】 In order to further increase the hatchability of hatching eggs in muscovy duck, white muscovy duck’ s eggs were studied. The conventional index and biochemical index of the eggs were analyzed and the structural characteristics of eggshell were revealed though Scanning electron microscope. Meanwhile, by conducting hatching experiments, the correlation between various indexes of egg quality and hatching performance was determined and criteria for evaluating the quality of muscovy duck’ s eggs was established and tested. The results indicate as follow:1. The hatchability of white shell eggs (89. 1%) is significantly higher than that of green shell eggs (67. 4%)(P<0.05) and grit shell eggs (48. 7%)(P<0. 01). therefore, white shell eggs can be adopted and green shell eggs and grit shell eggs can be dismissed.2. During the first laying cycle of muscovy duck, the hatching eggs whose weight ranges from 70. Ig to 85. Og, shape index from 1. 311 to 1. 430 and specific gravity from 1. 085 to 1. 100 are suggested as better to hatch.3. As has been tested by experiments, the hatchability of eggs selected by the criteria established in this study is considerably higher than that of eggs conventionally selected by naked eye. This shows that this criteria for evaluating egg quality has practical value.4. It is determined that in order to ensure the normal growth of embryo, the appropriate shell thickness of normally-hatched eggs should be 0. 363 + 0.029mm and the number of pores should be 21. 57?. 60/0. 25cnf.5. hatching eggs of muscovy duck are at their best on condition that the hatching temperature is 37. 8c, relative humidity is 65~70% and the percentage of weight loss of hatching eggs is 2.00 + 0.33%, 3.95 + 0.59%, 5.62+0.82%, 7. 45+1. 07%and 8.64 + 1.25% respectively at the age of 7,14,21,28,32.6. The observation of the ultrastructure of muscovy duck’ s egg shell through scanning electron microscope shows that similar to other poultry eggs, the shell consists of five layers: shell membrane, mammillary cone layer, palisade layer, verticalouter layer of shell membrane in muscovy duck,s egg. And there exist differences in the ultrastruture of egg shells due to their different traits. Abnormal structure (loose structure and big holes) can be easily observed on the outer surface, transverse section and inner surface of pipped eggs, while in white shell eggs and green shell eggs this difference can be found on the inner surface of the shell and in the evenness of mammillary cone and individual mammillary cones. Furthermore, normally-hatched eggs and pipped eggs also demonstrate different ultrastructure. The palisade layer and mammillary cone layer of pipped eggs are significantly thicker those of normally-hatched eggs. However, there is no significant difference in the thickness of shell membrane among these five kinds, which indicates the relative stability of the thickness of shell membrane.更多还原