加入WTO后政府职能存在问题与对策

【作者】 王峰；

【导师】 苗连营；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 法律， 2002， 硕士

【摘要】 2001年11月10日，世界贸易组织(WTO)第四次部长级会议做出决定，批准中国加入WTO。WTO规则是为其成员方共同制定的，旨在约束各成员方的行为，但它约束的实际上是各成员方政府的行为。因此，加入WTO最大的挑战是对政府的挑战，最积极的应对就是加快政府的职能转变。本文试图根据WTO有关原则和内容，分析WTO与成员方政府的关系以及我国政府职能存在的问题和不足，研究政府如何转变职能，应对WTO的挑战。 全文共分三个部分，三万余字。 第一部分：阐述了WTO各项原则和协议主要调整的是成员国“政府”之间的关系，说明加入WTO后研究政府职能转变的必要性。(1)从法律角度讲，WTO各成员国政府是国际法律权利与义务的主体，成员资格是“政府”而非主权国家，更不是各个企业。WTO规则“内容”约束的主要是政府行为，目的在于限制成员国政府对市场的干预力度，降低政府制造不平等贸易的能力。(2)从WTO的宗旨目标看，WTO与成员国政府的宗旨目标是一致的。无论是GATT还是WTO，它们的产生和发展都是反映了各国政府要求加快本国经济发展和促进国际经济合作的根本愿望。(3)从WTO规则协议产生方式讲，WTO是一个永久性的谈判论坛，为各国政府在国际经济关系中提供了一个反映本国要求，维护本国利益，协调与他国的关系，解决国际经贸争端的重要舞台。WTO规则、协议本身是各国政府相互妥协、相互协调的产物。因此，加入WTO首先是政府的人世，研究政府如何迎接WTO的挑战，是我们加入WTO后的一项重要任务。 第二部分：比照WTO的基本原则、协议和运行机制，认真分析我国政府的基本现状，剖析重点存在的几个问题。O）在法制方面主要有：“人治”大于“法治”，经济法律法规体系不健全，法规和政策的透明度和可预见性较差，法规、政策统一性、稳定性、连续性不够等等八2）在政府职能方面：计划经济职能太多，干涉微观经济过多，地方封闭和地方保护主义非常严重。勺）在政府机构方面：政府统得过死、揽得过多、管了很多不该管的事，设置了很多不应设的机构，使行政机构过于庞杂；机构设置缺乏法律的约束，行政首长主观随意大；机构对口设置，增加不必要层次；政府部门冗员过多，包袱沉重。Q）在政府公务员素质方面：公务员队伍普遍素质不高，活力不足，价值取向有失偏颇， “官本位”思想根深蒂固，没有形成优胜劣汰的机制。 第三部分：加人WT O后，政府必须因应变化，有效地组织各级政府加快自身改革，在思想观念、组织结构、工作方式方法等方面，实现政府体制的全面创新，构建适应WO要求的现代化政府体制。要加快政府的职能转变，必须注重解决以下几个方面的问题Q）政府的观念要更新。一要切实树立“法制”的观念。核心就是要树立宪法和法律在国家政治和社会生活中至高无上的地位，确立宪法和法律的绝对权威；二要树立“平等”的观念。就是在行政实践中必须贯彻平等的原则；三要树立“效能”观念。就是要树立追求效率，追求效益的行政思想；四要树立“服务”的观念。市场经济要求的政府不是指手划脚的政府，而是能提供周密服务的政府；五要树立“科学“观念。就是要培养各级政府和广大政府工作人员的科学精神，以科学的态度、科学的方法，推动政府的科学决策、科学管理八2）政府行政管理法制化。WO 2是建立在法制基础上的国际经济体系，需要各成员方国内健全的法律制度和良好的法律秩序来保证贯彻执行。重点是要健全行政法律法规体系，实现行政机构设置法定化，要完善行政法律监督体系。O）政府强制计划管理要弱化。加人WTO后，政府要弱化计划管理职能，要弱化政府对资源的控制职能，要弱化政府对微观经济的干预职能。N）政府的有关职能要强化。首先政府的服务、指导和合作的行政职能要强化。要加强行政指导的职能，要善于运用行政合同，要建立和完善行政给付制度，最大限度地发挥行政奖励制度的补充作用。其次政府的宏观管理的职能要强化。政府要发挥宏观引导的职能，要发挥平衡协调的职能，要运用WTO的法律协议维护国际贸易中的合法权益。G）政府的管理职能要分化。政府的作用应从市场能自发发挥作用的领域中退出来。政府要把部分职能分配给社会中介组织。u）政务活动要公开化。在WTO的法律文件中，信息公开是贯穿其中的基本要求。我国政府应注重从以下几项内容实行政务公开：一是要公开政府重大决策；二是要公开重要法规规章；三是要公开行政标准。门）政府机构要小型化。通过政府机构改革，努力构筑精干、高效、协调、廉价的政府机构体系，努力实现政府组织结构与国际社会管理方式的对接。更多还原

【Abstract】 On November 10, 2001, the fourth minister-level session of the World Trade Organization (WTO) approved china to join WTO. The WTO rules; stipulated for all its members, aim at restraining the member state’s acts. But what it actually restrains is the government acts of each of its member states. Therefore, the greatest challenge of joining WTO is the challenge to government, and then the most positive measure is to accelerate the transformation of government functions. This thesis tries to analyze the relationship between WTO and the governments of its member states and the problems and disadvantages in our government functions and study how our government transfers its functions to meet the challenge of WTO according to some rules and contents of WTO.The thesis contains 3 parts and nearly 30,000 words.Pan I states what the principles and agreements mainly adjust is the relationship between the governments of its member states and shows the necessity to research the transformation of government functions after the accession to WTO.1. From the legal point of view, the government of its member state is the subject of international legal rights and duties. It’s the government rather than the sovereign state or even every enterprise that gets the membership. What WTO rules restraint is mainly the government’s acts, aiming at limiting the power of government’s intervening market and lowering the government’s power to make unequal trade.2. From the point of view of WTO’s purpose, the purpose of WTO is in consistent with that of its member state. Whether it is GAIT or WTO, their appearance and development reflect each state’s basic wish to accelerate their own country’s economic development and advance the international economic cooperation.3. From the point of view of the way that WTO rules came into being, WTO is an ever-lasting discussion forum, providing an important stage in the international economic relations for every government to reflect its own country’s .request, to safeguard its own benefit, to coordinate its relationship with other countries and to solve international economic and trade disputes. WTO rules and agreements are produced by government’s mutual concession and coordination.As a result, the accession to WTO should begin by government’ accession to WTO. To study how the government meets the challenge of WTO is our major task after the accession to WTO.Part n analyzes carefully the present situation of our government and studies several top problems by referring to the basic rules, agreement and working system of WTO.1. Main problems in legal system: rule of men is more important than rule of law; the economic legal system is not sound; the transparency and foresight of the laws and regulations are poor; the unity, the stability and the continuity are not enough, and so on.2. Problems in the government functions: there are too many planned economic functions and too much intervention in micro-economy; the local close administration and local protectionism are too serious.3. Problems in government organizations: the government is too much concerned about too much things even those beyond its own power; it set up too many organizations that should not be set up which make the government organization too cumbersome; the organization’s setting lacks legal restraint; chief executive acts completely at his own will; the organizations was set up unnecessarily at every level; there are too many government personnel.4. Problems in the quality of the civil servants: the civil servant’ quality is generally low, they are not energetic, they have a biased value orientation and deep-rooted ideas about official standard; the system of survival of the fittest has not been formed.Part HI indicates that after the accession to WTO, the government must arrange efficiently the governments of all levels to accelerate sweeping innovations of the government system, and construct modern government system to adapt to the WTO’s request in ideas, structures and working methods. To acce更多还原