【作者】 贺永惠；

【导师】 李杰；

【作者基本信息】 东北农业大学 ， 动物营养与饲料科学， 2001， 硕士

【摘要】 秸秆的处理已有一百年的历史，但目前秸秆的处理在东北地区一直没有得到广泛的推广。本研究拟通过玉米秸秆的复合碱化及快速氨化处理来达到符合我国北方气候特点的、快速、有效、无污染处理秸秆的目的。 本研究分体外试验、瘘管羊试验、生长羊试验三部分，研究玉米秸秆复合碱化和快速氨化技术及其在羊生产中的应用。体外试验以中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和(或)秸秆在瘤胃内干物质(DM)的48h消失率(DMD48)为评定指标，采用完全随机试验设计，筛选合适的石灰碱化处理玉米秸秆的石灰添加水平(占秸秆干物质含量(以下同)的4％、6％、8％、10％)、水分(40％、50％、60％)、处理时间(一周、二周)，在此石灰添加水平的基础上筛选石灰与不同水平氢氧化钠(1％、2％、3％)或尿素(1％、2％、3％、4％)复合碱化处理的方法。在常温(20～27℃)、低温(11～14℃)条件下确定快速氨化处理玉米秸秆的方法。组织四种以未处理、复合碱化处理、快速氨化处理、液氨氨化处理的玉米秸秆为基础的不同饲粮，采用4×4拉丁方设计，研究不同处理的玉米秸秆在瘘管羊瘤胃内各养分的48h消失率，以及不同玉米秸秆处理饲粮对试验羊瘤胃代谢的影响。采用随机区组试验设计，在5℃之下的外界气温条件下，研究上述四种处理的颗粒化全混合日粮对16只雄性德克赛尔与东北半细毛羊杂交—代肉毛兼用羊的生长性能、氮平衡、各营养成分表观消化率的影响。 试验结果表明： 1 秸秆40％、50％、60％的水分含量在改善NDF、ADF含量及DMD48方面无显著性差异(P＞0.05)；秸秆处理一周、二周对改善测定指标的效果差异不显著(P＞0.05)；随着在玉米秸秆中石灰添加水平的提高，其改善秸秆NDF、ADF含量及DMD48的效率也越显著(P＜0.05)，在本试验中，考虑生长羊的粗饲料全部采用玉米秸秆及羊所能耐受的高钙水平，以占秸秆干物质含量4％的石灰添加水平作为复合处理的基础，在此基础之上进行石灰与氢氧化钠、尿素的复合处理。 2 复合处理试验表明，复合处理可显著提高秸秆的处理效果，石灰与氢氧化钠的复合处理效果优于石灰与尿素复合处理的效果，并筛选出4％的石灰加2％的氢氧化钠、40％的水分含量处理一周的复合处理方法。由于处理秸秆的高pH值及在复合处理中添加2％尿素的处理并不能抑制秸秆发生霉变，所以又进一步确定4％的石灰加2％的氢氧化钠的复合处理以处理三天为宜，不宜超过一周。 3 在添加过量石灰的碱性条件下可加速尿素的分解，当外界气温在20～27℃时，4％的尿素加过量的石灰处理14天的效果与传统尿素氢化处理30天的效果相当，相当于提前16天完成秸秆的氨化；在11～14℃的条件下处理27天的效果与传统尿素氨化处理 北方地区玉米秸秆复合碱化和快速氨化技术及其在幼羊主长中应用的研究60天的效果相当，相当于提前33天完成秸秆的氨化。 4 复合碱化处理、快速氨化处理的玉米秸秆在瘤胃内 DMD。、OM D。、NDrp。、ADFD。与未处理秸秆相比差异显著（P4）．05），复合碱化处理、快速氨化处理秸秆的DMD。比未处理秸秆分别提高45Alo／O、45．03O；OMD。比未处理秸秆分别提高42．02O、44．64o；NDgn。比未处理秸秆分别提高50．56O、49．09O；ADrp。比未处理秸秆分别提高 36．sl％、40．】4％。 5 以复合碱化处理、快速氨化处理玉米秸秆为基础的全混合日粮对瘤胃PH值、NH。一N浓度、总氮浓度及其动态变化的影响不显著（P＞0．05）。 6 与未处理组相比，复合碱化处理组、快速氨化处理组试验羊的采食量提高了22．36o、22．50o（P＞0．05）；日增重提高了 58．NO／L、58．84O广勺0．05）；耗料增重比降低了2255o／o、22．89％O勺0．05）；按耗料增重比折合经济效益分析，试验羊每公斤增重的饲料费用复合碱化处理组、快速氨化处理组要比未处理组节约投资1513、152I）元。 7 复合碱化处理、快速氨化处理可显著提高日粮中各营养成分的表观消化率 （P＜0．05），复合碱化处理、快速氨化处理组比未处理组的DMD高出12．50O、11．20o：OMD比末处理组高8．42o、8．ZIo；CPD比未处理组高4．98o、16．07O：NDrp比夫处理组高19二8％、22．06％；ADFD比未处理组高18．32％、18．31％。 8 各组的N平衡、N的沉积率均差异不显著（Ibfl．05），但快速氨化处理组的N平衡、N沉积率均高于未处理组。 复合碱化处理能提高秸秆处理的效率，又可防止秸秆产生霉变，可实现在北方地区对玉米秸秆快速处理的目的；快速氨化处理能加快尿素的分解，缩短秸秆的处理时间，这对于北方寒冷地区冬季快速尿素氨化处理秸秆具有重要意义。处理后的秸秆可提高饲粮在幼羊瘤胃和整个梢化道的消化率，提高生产性能。更多还原

【Abstract】 The utilization rate of stalks is poor though stalks have been treated for one hundred years. The present trials were aimed at the effects of maize stalk treated rapidly by compound-alkali and combination of urea and lime in vitro, in sacco and in vivo, respectively.Three experiments in vitro were to choose the treatment condition of lime(the level of lime, moisture and reaction period ) , compound-alkali (different levels of sodium hydroxide or urea were added to 40g lime kg"1 DM stalk)and combination treatment of urea and lime(reaction period). Four different rations were fed to four individually housed rumen-cannulated Northeast hemi-fine-fleece sheep in a 4X4 Latin square experiment, the design was to study influences of stalk treated by compound-alkali and combination of urea and lime on rumen digestion and rumen metabolism . A feeding trial of 16 Texel X Northeast hemi-fine-fleece sheep cross-bred ram was conducted to study effects of the treated rations on the growth and metabolism of lamb.Results showed thai :1 The moisture treatments of 40%, 50% and 60% had no significant difference in the concentration of NDF,ADF and DMD48, and the reaction time between one week and two weeks had no significant difference yet. The effects were significant with the increasing level of Lime. It is limited that the level of Calcium in lamb ration, so 40g lime kg’ DM stalk was chosen.2 The compound treatment was more effective than lime. The compound treatment of lime and sodium hydroxide was more effective than the treatment of Lime and urea. The treatment of 40g lime and 20g sodium hydroxide kg"1 stalk DM with 40% moisture for one week was optimized. High pH value, 40g lime and 20g urea kg"1 DM stalk couldn’t inhibit the mould in maize stalk, the following experiment showed that the treatment of compound- alkali for three days was optimized.3 Rate of hydrolysis of urea was accelerated by adding excessive lime, the reaction period of combination urea and lime treatment was only 14days, and 16 days was shorted compared with traditional urea treatment at 20?7癈 (ambient temperature). The reaction period of combination urea and lime treatment was only 27days and 33 days was shorted compared with traditional urea treatment at 11 ?4 癈 (ambienttemperature).4 The stalk treated by compound-alkali and combination of urea and lime could improve the disappearance of DM, OM, NDF, ADF incubated 48 hours in rumen-cannulated sheep, the improvement of disappearance of DM, OM, NDF, ADF as control was 45.54%, 45.03%; 42.02%, 44.64%; 5056%, 49.09%; 36.81%, 40.14% , respectively.5 The total mixed rations based on maize stalk treated by compound-alkali and combination of urea and lime had no influence on pH value and concentrations of NH3 -N and total nitrogen in rumen liquor.6 The treated rations by compound-alkali and combination of urea and lime could improve voluntary intake as control by 22.36%, 22.50%; enhance average daily gain by 58.04%, 58.84%; decrease voluntary intake/average daih gain by22.55%, 22.89%, respectively.7 The treated rations by compound-alkali and combination of urea and lime could increase effectively apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF as control by 12.50%, 11.20%; 8.42%, 8.21%; 4.98%, 16.07%; 19.18%, 22.06%; 18.32%, 18.31%, respectively.8 The treatments had no effect on nitrogen balance and the rate of nitrogen deposit, but combination urea and lime treatment had a higher nitrogen balance and the rate of nitrogen deposit.Master Candidate: He Yonghui Supervisor: Prof. Li Jie Major: Animal Nutrition and Feed Science更多还原