半干旱区农田微集水种植带型优化设计研究

【作者】 刘正辉；

【导师】 贾志宽；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 生态学， 2001， 硕士

【摘要】 论文题目：半干旱区农田微集水种植带型优化设计研究作者简介：刘正辉，男，1975年生，1998年从师于贾志宽教授，于2001年毕业于生态学专业并获理学硕士学位。农田微集水种植技术是一种田间集水农业技术，它适用于缺乏径流源或远离产流区的旱平地和缓坡旱地，其基本原理是通过在田间修筑沟垄，垄面覆膜，实现降水由垄面（集水区）向沟内（种植区）的汇集，以改善作物水分满足状况，提高产量。带型的优化设计是农田微集水种植技术开发和研究中所面临的首要问题。在农田微集水种植技术的研究和应用实践中，有关带型问题的决策仍含有较多的主观成分，缺乏科学合理的指导思想及可操作性强的方法。本研究在微集水种植农田水分调控研究结果及对带型优化设计基本问题分析的基础上，明确带型优化设计的基本思路；遵循该思路，综合相关研究成果，提出带型优化设计的基本方法，并列出带型优化设计过程中存在的问题，以此推动农田微集水种植技术的研究和应用。本研究由密切相关的两部分组成。一. 农田水分调控研究通过沟垄系统的构建及其结构的描述，揭示微集水种植农田水分调控的机理；借助沟垄系统功能的解析，结合田间模拟降水入渗、蒸发试验结果，量化微集水种植农田调控效果，提出描述降水在田间分布特征的四个参数（降水在沟垄面的配比Rfr．降水在沟土中水平分布的不均匀程度M及降水在沟土中的下渗及垂直分布特征值Xm 、Xn ）并在实验所特定的气象、土壤条件下，得出如下有关微集水种植农田蓄水、保墒效果的经验性结论。1．随着降雨量的增加，特定带型的Rfr减小，Xm、Xn增加，M减小；2．降雨量一定时，随着降雨强度的增加，特定带型的Rfr减少，Xm、Xn减小，M减小；3．相同的降水处理下，对同一沟垄比值，随着带型的窄化，Rfr减小，Xm、Xn减小，M减小；4．沟垄系统的蓄水的特征值Rfr、Xm、Xn和M与其保墒功效密切相关，其中Rfr值最为关键；5．沟垄处理虽沟内蒸发强度要大于平作，但其农田整体蒸发强度较平作小；6．一定沟垄比例下，窄带型的保墒功效要优于宽带型。二. 带型优化设计研究在农田水分调控研究的基础上，通过微集水种植农田水分生产潜力概念、微集水种植作物水分满足率及集种比等概念的解析，以“水”的利用为中心，展开对微集水种植带型优化设计的讨论。在带型优化设计过程中，将集种比值、沟垄间的几何关系参数分列高低两个层次，先在较高层次上优化集种比值，明确微集水种植农田的最高水分生产潜力及其对应的集种比值；再于较低层次上讨论沟垄间的几何关系，寻求实现最高水分生产潜力的可能途径。基于上述思路，结合相关试验结果，通过数学分析等方法，对农田微集水种植带型优化设计的方法进行了数学模拟。在此基础上，提出宁南旱农区4县春谷子微集水种植带型优化值。更多还原

【Abstract】 Micro－c刨℃hm e血cultivation Is a kind of catchmeniagrlcultwal techlques．It刎习”s to nonlrrlgatedland and fiat co血oured land which are肘EllV叮rec叨roe of runoff or lack runo丘Building ridge andhryOWCOVering…attlC 6lffi Off fidgC，fCJIZing falnhn COllcentrat1On fTOtu fidgC to furtOWlthpfOVingcYOp water regime and e讪gn cing yield are its basic principles． Optimal design for smp p删帕rn Is the pnmal question which Is met In deVCloping and researching onmicro－catchmen区 cultivation．Howeve风there aremanysu勾ectlve options，lackofreasonable guidingideology andpractlcalw叮咖o呶p血ern’s企clslons In researchingandpractlcally即plying吻o血micro－c眈＊目1cul彻ation忆chaques．The research which Is b”ed on叹＂dying the fCsuh ofsoll wat研colltYOI effe戌under micro－catchlneni cultlvatlonAnd analysing b”Ic question abc血optimal design ofstrip p血em explicitly el眈or＆tes the basic idea吮out optimal design ofstrlpp血effi．Followingthebaslc炔a，syntbslzingrelatlve rese盯chresults，ralsingthe bio method ofoptlmal designofstripp叨ernandsetting out questions In optimal design ofstrlp叫em will push foflV毗tothefCsearchandappllcatlonofmlcro－catchment cultivation． The researMs made up oftwo Insepar庇 p侧· First：researching on soilw肮r cOPtrol By means of cons咖cting the system and describing its cons伽Ct of ridge and fum蛐e mechanismof soil wBter comFOI unger mlcfo－c砒hment cultl嗽ion Is TCvealed．with the help of analysing thesystem of ridge and fijrrowconnecting the experimental results of imitating rainfall infiltration andev邓趾成ion，qu团1lfying water contTol effect under micro－catchment cultivation，the four parameterswhich are described the distrib帆ion ofrainfall insoilareputforwardto．（Rfr：theratioofminfallinridgegn dfuflfOWM：non－evendegreeofhonZOntald匕iIbutionofrain创linfurroWXm：theinfilm加onofrainfall In furrow．Xu：oh删眺初ic value of vert1caf distribmion of rainNI in偷ow·）E呷ericalconclusions foml呷omding and soil mol血ne consCTV汕on under micro－catchmem cultivation Inspecially meteorologlcal phenomena and certlon soil are as fOllows． Firstl帅flowing the IncfC田e of mlnfall，the Rfr of spedal strip p血ern Is decreasing，Xm and Xu IsIncreasing，M Is decreaslflg． Second…in certain rainfall，followingthe Increasingofralnfall Intensity，theR丘 ofspecialstnppa仅ern lsdecreasing3xm，xu andm lsdecreashg Third匕in the same rainfall level，In the sfllTlen对o of rldgegnd furro风following the n困rowness ofstrip pattCrn只什，Xm．Jn andM Is decreasing． FOu时h…thC Ch81f8CtCristlC ValuCS（＊——cly R成Xm，Xu＊nd M）Of lflfiltfatlon Of the syst＊m Of ridgeand furrow are closely relative to their function ofsoil molstrue conservation，the Rfr Is the most key Fifth…thoughCV邓gr ation Intensity In furrow Is bigger than oh，evaParatlon Intensity In fi］ed IsS＊JleT山ap Ck． Sboh…in certain ratio ofndge and furrov入the effect ofsoll tnolstrue conservation ofnarrow sniPpattern Is superior to wide stTlp pattCf’－－． Second：rese删h［ng on o…linal design ofstrlp pa杖ern In the basic of rese皿ohing on water control，by means of Introducing the concept of water potenMproductivity under micro－c脓hment cultivation、analys【ng the concept ofcfop molstruesatlsfactoryratlo<WP=5>and the ratio of plant area and concentration，concentrating on the叩pile刚on of wa忆…he discussion吻out optimal design of strip pmem under mL才o－catchment cultivation Is c巳rled o帆． In the process of optimal design of stflp p刚em，then殖o of plant area and concentration are己theparameters of geometerlcal relation between the ridge and furrow are dlvldedMo high and lowie＊e＊川脓价孔山e T血10毗咖m欲eadri打on优血觎10n肘ea IS叩h＊lid！n肚吨h lev吐＊a互1＊＊mmds何ue potential produCtivity and the ratio ofplantareaandconcentratlonareaundermlcro－catchme血cultivation are explicitly explained．Second匕geometrical relationship between ridge and凡rrow isdiscussed In the low level In oder to loo更多还原