中小学环境教育的目标与策略探析

【作者】 杨龙海；

【导师】 于清涟；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 教育学原理， 2001， 硕士

【摘要】 中小学环境教育是环境教育体系中的主要组成部分，是环境保护与实施可持续发展战略的重要基础。确立中小学环境教育的目标，探寻促进中小学环境教育发展的策略，是使中小学环境教育在我国普遍、深入地开展起来迫切需要研究的课题。 本文分三个部分对这一课题进行探析。 第一部分：中小学环境教育的背景与战略地位。本文认为，了解中小学环境教育产生、发展的背景以及战略地位，是研究其目标和策略的前提。中小学环境教育是在环境问题日益加剧、国际上积极探索克服环境危机的途径、各种环境保护运动和教育活动迅速发展的背景下开始的，是环境教育由社会扩展到中小学的结果。因此，认识环境问题的性质与演化，尤其是把握当前环境问题的特点，了解世界上关于克服环境危机途径的代表性主张，考察当前对于环境教育历史使命的不同观点，是深入认识中小学环境教育的性质和意义，形成中小学环境教育目标和策略的主要思想基础。在我国，由于人口过多，但公民整体素质偏低，家庭、社会的环境教育影响很小，因此，中小学环境教育具有尤为重要的战略地位。 第二部分：中小学环境教育的目标。确立目标是实施中小学环境教育的首要条件。本文首先分析了确立中小学环境教育目标的主要制约因素，它们是：（1）对学校环境教育总目标的认识；（2）对我国中小学环境教育所处社会条件的认识；（3）对中小学教育培养目标的认识。其次，对我国中小学环境教育目标的研究现状进行了简要的介绍和评析。在此基础上，分小学、初中、高中三个阶段，分别提出了当前我国中小学环 中小学环境教育的目标与策略探析境教育的目标要求。目标的具体内容主要分为知识、技能、态度三个方面。小学阶段目标的重点是形成）［童热爱自然、爱护环境的情感和行为习惯；初中阶段的目标在进一步巩固、加强学主爱护环境的情感、态度和行为习惯的同时，注重使他们具有相对完整、具体实用的环境保护知识及一些技能；高中阶段的目标，侧重于使学生掌握系统、深入的环境自然科学和社会科学知识，形成深刻的环境伦理观。在统一要求的基础上，还针对学生的兴趣、能力等方面的差异，提出了两类更高层次的目标要求，以适应部分学生进一步学习环境科学的需要。 第三部分：促进中小学环境教育的基本策略。这里所说的策略包括宏观、微观两个层次。宏观策略包括中小学环境教育课程模式的选择和评价制度的确定，主要是为了促使人们重视中小学环境教育，保证把中小学环境教育真正落实到行动中，成为经常性的教育任务。微观策略是从提高中小学环境教育效果、全面实现中小学环境教育目标的角度提出来的。考虑到环境科学知识的教学与中小学其它学科的教学有许多一致性，因此，本文只是对培养中小学爱护环境的态度和品德以及行为习惯这两个方面的策略进行了阐述。更多还原

【Abstract】 Environmental education in middle and primary schools is an importantpaft of environmental education system. It is also an important fOundation fOrenvironmental protection and sustainable development. To makeenviron-mental education in middle and primary schoo1s practice widely andprofoundly in our country, it is an urgent task to study the goals and strategiesthat improve its development.This thesis is divided into tbree parts.The first ped is about the backgrounds and strategic position ofenviron-menia1 education in middle and primary schools. The stUdy of thebackgrounds and strategic position is a premise for the exploration of its goolsand strategies. With the sriousness and spread of environmental problems,various movements and educational activities for environmental protectionhave developed raPidly, during which environmental education in middle andprimary schoo1s caxne into being. So understanding the natUre and theevolution of environmental problems, above all, the character of modern ones,exploring the major views on environmental education, is a theoretical basisfor studying the goals and strategies of environmental education in midd1e andprimary schools. In our country, environrnental edcation in middle andprimaxy schools is very important.The second part is about the goals of environmental education in middleand primary schools. After analysing the restrictive factors in theestablishment of the goals and its present research situation, the goals are putfOrword, which include thxee sides: the Anowledge, the technical ability and3the attitude. At the primary school level. it is the most important task tocultivate children’s feelings to love nature and habits of behavior forenvironmenta1 protection. At the junior midd1e schoo1 level, students should1eaxn re1atively comprehensive, practical knowledges and some skills aboutenvironmenta1 protection. At the senior middle schoo1 level, it is necessary toteach students more systematic and deeper knowledges about natural andsocial environxnental science.In the third pari, basic strategies are put fOrward on how to acceleratethe development of environ-mental education in middle and primary schools.From the view of macroscopic, the strategies include the choice of thecurriculum models and the establishment of the evaluation system, so thatenvironmental education in midd1e and primary schools may be emphasizedby more people in our country. From the view of microcosmic, the strategiesare proposed in order to enhance the effect of environmental education inmiddle and primary schools. And then, the article probes into the problemsabout how to cultivate stUdents, attitude, character and habits of behavior fOrenvironmental protection.更多还原