硬肉型草莓新品种引种栽培及水分胁迫生理研究

【作者】 刘素君；

【导师】 尹克林；

【作者基本信息】 西南农业大学 ， 果树学， 2001， 硕士

【摘要】 试验通过引进国外3个草莓新品种进行规范试验示范栽培，对其生物学和农艺学特性：早熟性、丰产性、抗病性、产量、果实品质等方面进行了综合比较。通过人工水分胁迫处理，研究了草莓植株的生理、生化指标及生物量的变化，对草莓水分胁迫适应性的机理进行了探讨。 土特拉是本试验中植株生长最健壮，单果重最大，产量最高，贮运性最好的品种，但存在果实髓心较大，固形物较低等不足，生产上若重视降酸增糖的栽培措施，土特拉将是一个在南方很有发展前途的栽培品种。 卡图诺植株生长较健壮，单果重次于土特拉，但产量低，贮运性较差，对灰霉病较敏感，基本适合南方发展。 达赛莱克特，植株生长势弱，产量中等，固形物高，具特有的浓烈香气，品质佳，口感好，深受消费者喜爱，贮运性好，但果小，综合特性不如引种地（法国和我国北方），通过改善定植时间与栽培措施，是一个在南方发展很有希望的品种。 根据各品种的植株性状，结实力等有关特性，在栽培过程中应采取不同的技术措施。在丰产栽培中土特拉、卡图诺生长强旺，株型大，单株产量高，消耗营养多，故栽植前要较其它品种多施底肥，每亩施有机肥不低于5000kg，栽植密度可适当降低（3000-4000株/亩），达赛莱克特栽培密度可控制在5000-6000株/亩左右，由于单果小，故在开花结果期要做好疏花疏果工作，疏除5.6级以上的花或幼果，以保证前几级果实的良好发育。土特拉、卡图诺匍匐茎抽生能力强，匍匐茎苗繁殖率高，因此定植时应加大株行距，每株保证0.5m~2的营养面积，而达赛莱克特在南方品种特性不能 硬肉型单枣丙品种引种乞埔及东分阶也生理研究表达，故值得进一步深人研究。 水分胁迫下，草萄叶片的含水量、叶片相对含水量降低，水分饱和亏增大，这主要是出于自山水含量的减少而致。达赛莱克特的气孔调节能力强，叶片相对含水量、自山水下降幅度小，离体叶片失水速串慢，保水能力强，抗旱性强。土特拉次之，卡图诺最弱。 草萄在水分胁迫下，脯氨酸、可溶性总糖、义等细胞内溶质的含量都有明显增加，降低了原生质的渗坛势，这些指标均与土壤含水量呈显著负相关，反映出草诗具有一定的浚邀调节能力。而可溶性蛋白在水分胁迫过程中的渗透调节作用不明显。达赛莱克特的脯氮酸、可溶性总糖、r含量增加幅度最大，渗遗调节能力最强，卡图诺最弱。 在轻度水分胁迫下三个品种的MDA增幅不大、OZ”产生速率较谩、RMI，也无明显变化，膜保护系统的酶活性均有一定程度加强，表明在轻度水分胁迫下草葛能滴除体内产生的活性氧，迢免膜脂过氧化作用，表现出对水分胁迫的适应性。但在中度和严重胁迫下，除达赛莱克特CAT外，SOD、POD、CAT等配活性及AsA含量迅速下降，导致活性氧产生和清除的平衡失调，OZ”·的积尿迅速增加，腴脂过讽化作用加强，MDA含量升高，从而降低腆的＠定性，最终导致腹伤害，RMP槽加。这是水分胁迫下造成草葛伤害的主要原因。卡图诺的受窖程度最重，达奏莱克特最轻。 随土埂含水量的降低，草萎叶片叶绿素a、叶缘素b、总叶绿素含量、NR活性降低，单株叶数、叶面积减少，净光合还率下降，同化产物的积累诚少，最终表现为植株生物量的降低．水分胁迫下三个品种的净光合速率下降，光饱和点降低，光补偿点增高，光呼吸增大，株高降低，单株产量、单果重下降，畸果串槽大，这是草墓对水”分胁迫的直接反映。 抗旱指标的主成分分析表明，干旱条件下草葱产量的形成主要受渗透调节、膜保护系统、水分状况及光合作用等的协同作用。 叶片相对含水量和水分饱和亏中的一个、WFIWB、TCHL、LA、AsA、POD和SOD与RMP、MDA和O。”、中一方、NPR与SR之一、SS、矿己能分别体现草毒在干旱胁迫下叶片保水能力、渗透调节、膜透性、膜脂过氧化作用及光合作用方面的生 8 砚肉型芦你抚品种引种栽挤及水分胁迫生理研究 理状况，足以鉴定草萄的抗旱能力。可以作为草萄抗旱性鉴定的指标。 综上所述，供试的3个品种对轻度水分胁迫均有一定的适应能力。达赛莱克特对 水分胁迫的适应性强于土特拉和卡图诺。草菏是需水较多的植物，在草萄栽培中应加 强水分管理，防止干旱发生。特别是在定植期和开花结果期，土壤含水量不宜低于 16．84％，使草萄叶片含水量维持在 84％以上，方能实现高产栽培。更多还原

【Abstract】 The trial was carried out at Chongqing, the southwest region of China by cultivation of tree new cultivars of firm-flesh strawberry (Fragaria ananassa: F chiloensis X F virginiana) introduced from France (Darselect: Parker X Elsanta) and Spain (Tudla: Parker X Chandler and Cartuno) respectively. The biological and agronomical features such as ripening precocity, productivity, resistance to diseases and fruit quality etc. were comparatively observed. The biochemical and physiological characters as well as the biomass and metabolic reactions of strawberry plants cultivated in pot were largely studied under artificial water stress conditions. The results showed that Tudla is the most adapted cultivar in the region in terms of vigor, fruit weight, productivity and trans-storage. Its hollow core and lower content in soluble solid substances are however considered as disadvantage for Chinese consumers. Anyway, it will be full of perspective in the South of China in condition of augmentation of fruit sugar percentage by cultural practices. As for Cartuno, it has also a vigorous growth with a smaller fruit caliber than Tudla. But it showed lower yield, worse trans-storage and more sensible to powdery mildew (Shaerolheca humuli or Oidium fragariae) and gray mold rot (Botrytis cinerea) than the other two cultivars. As contrast, Darselect presented a best quality with regard to sugar content in fruit, particular strong flavor and good aspect and trans-storage as well as applausive organoleptical taste and predilection demonstrated by Chinese people. Nevertheless, its lower productivity with smaller fruit than that in the origin location (cx. France and North region of China) could be improved through judicious planting dates and culture modes. It is still considered as a good cultivar for the south region. According to the variation of vegetative and reproductive manners of the cultivars, we should take different culture methods, for example, as in Tudla and Cartuno, fertilizing more organic material with more than 75 tons/ha and planting with a density between 45,000 to 60,000 plants/ha; as in Darselect, with a denser planting than usual (75,000 to 90,000/ha) in association with flower and/or fruit thinning during blossom period. Tudla and Cartuno had a strong potential of runner propagation, so that the planting spacing for a mother plant should be more 0.5 m2 in stock nursery. However the excellent features of Darselect could not completely exhibit as in the Northern, therefore it is worthwhile studying profoundly these problems. Under the artificial water stress, the strawberry grown in pot showed an increase of water saturation deficit in the leaves at the expense of foliar water content (WC) and its relative water content (RWC) principally due to diminution of the free water (WF). Darselect was characterized by a strong sotomatal regulation and a weak reduction of RWC and WF. Thus it had a lower ratio of water lose or stronger water holding capacity as well as resistance to drought than Tudla and even Cartuno. The water stress induced also a significant increase in cell solutes such as proline (Pro), soluble sugars (SS), K etc, which in return reduced the osmotic potential in cytoplasm and correlated negatively with the soil water content (SWC). Contrarily, the soluble protein has shown an insignificant osmoregulation. As for strawberry plant, Darselect represe更多还原