主体炸药粒度及粒度级配与炸药冲击波感度和能量输出的实验与理论研究

【作者】 吕春玲；

【导师】 刘玉存；

【作者基本信息】 华北工学院 ， 军事化学与烟火技术， 2001， 硕士

【摘要】 本文对炸药粒度及粒度级配与冲击波感度和输出能量的关系从理论和实验两方面进行了较系统的分析和研究。 在理论研究方面，应用粘塑性孔隙崩塌机理及模型分析了非均相炸药热点点火的主要影响因素及临界条件，并进行了典型的理论计算。根据炸药起爆过程中爆轰成长的表面燃烧反应机理和模型讨论了影响爆轰成长反应速率的主要因素。通过理论分析和对前人研究结果的分析，得出炸药的冲击波感度不是炸药的本质特性，与冲击波感度的测试方法、试验条件、判别标准密切相关。炸药粒度对起爆过程中热点点火和爆轰成长过程的影响有相反的趋势，粒度与冲击波感度的关系取决于特定条件下，热点点火和爆轰成长过程何种过程起决定作用。 实验研究采用小隔板试验测定了HMX的粒度级配及HNS的粒度对其典型混合炸药冲击波感度的影响，首次对较宽级配范围内炸药粒度级配与冲击波感度的关系进行了较系统的研究。另外采用钢凹法和爆速测定法对较宽级配范围内炸药粒度级配与输出能量的关系进行了较系统的研究。 通过理论分析和实验研究得出如下主要结论： （1）炸药冲击波起爆过程中，当冲击波点火过程起主导作用时，冲击波感度随粒度的减小而降低，而当爆轰成长过程起主导作用时，冲击波感度随粒度的减小而提高。 （2）炸药粒度对冲击波起爆过程中热点点火和爆轰成长过程的影响具有相反的趋势，粒度减小有利于爆轰成长，而不利于热点点火。 （3）炸药粒度对输出能量的影响主要是由干比表面积的改变而引起的，炸药颗粒尺寸减小导致比表面积增大，提高了爆轰化学反应速率，减小了化学反应能量的损耗，能够提高炸药的输出能量。 （4）在本研究试验条件下，粒度级配后呈双峰分布的炸药试样，随着较大颗粒比例的增大，混合炸药的冲击波感度提高。 （5）在本研究试验条件下，粒度级配后呈双峰分布的炸药试样，随着较小颗粒比例的增大，爆压和爆速提高，混合炸药的输出能量增大。 研究结果对于炸药及火工药剂配方的设计、起爆与传爆结构的设计、起爆过程的机理研究具有重要的参考价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 The relationship between the shock sensitivity and energy output of explosives with particle size and gradation is systematically studied in theory and experiments. The visco-plastic void collapse mechanism and model are used to analyse the major influencing factors and critical conditions of hot spot ignition in the detonation initiation of heterogeneous explosives and typical calculations are conducted. The influencing factors on the detonation builduop reaction rate are discussed on the basis of grain surface burning mechanism and model.Based on the theoretical analysis and existed experimental results,shock sensitivity is not a nature characteristic of an explosive,but related to especial testing methods,testing conditions and judging criterion.The dependence of buildup process on the particle size of explosives is exactly the opposite of the dependence of buildup process on the particle size .The relationship between the shock sensibivity and particle size depends on whether ignition or detonation buildup is domiant process in given detonation initiation proceses. The influence of particle size of HNS and gradation of HMX on the shock sensitivities of their typical composite formulations is experimentally investigated by small scale gap test.The relationshiop between shock sensitivity and particle gradation is systematically studied within a larger particle gradation range for the first time.Furthermore,the effect of particle gradation of the explosives on energy output is studied by both steel dent and detonation velocity testing method for the first time. Main conclusions could be reached by theoretical analyses and experiments as follows: (1)Shock sensitivity decreases with the reduction of particle size of explosives when ignition is dominant process in the detonation initiation.But the situation is the opposite when detonation buildup is dominant process. (2)The effect of patrticle size on ignition and buildup to detonation is adverse.The reduction of particle size of explosives is in favor of buildup but in unfavorable of ignitin. (3)The effect of particle size on energy output is main due to the change of the specific surface area, the specific surface area is decreased, ,the reaction rate of detonation is increased,the energy of chemical reaction is decreased too with decreasing particle size of explosives,so energy output is increased. (4)In the present testing conditions,shock sensitivity increases with increasing content of coarser grains for multimodal distribution explosives. (5)Inthe present testing conditions,detonation pressure and detonation velocity increase with incresaing content of finer grains for multimodal distribution explosives. The result of this dissertation lay the foundation for the design of explosives,other pyrotechnic compositions and detonation initiation and propagation structures,in addition ,are helpful in the further research on detonation initiation mechanisms.更多还原